AN ANALYSIS OF EXTERNAL DEBT ON
ECONOMIC
GROWTH IN NIGERIA (1992-2010)
ABSTRACTS
This
research work is titled “An Analysis of External Debt on Economic Growth in
Nigeria. “(1992-2010).
External
borrowing is a source through which many countries sources revenues for
development and economic growth of their countries. But this revenue can only
solve the problems of gross under development when judiciously utilized.
The burden of Nigeria external debt
is much and the state of economic growth in the country is hampered due to debt
crisis.
The
debt problem facing Nigeria is concerned on how to stop incurring more debt and
device a way of servicing the existing debt without causing some distortions in
the economy. For effective and efficient debt servicing, factors that hiders it
has to be taken into consideration i.e. domestic financing polices, debt
management and external economic environment.
External
Debt affects the economic growth, and employment rate in the country. However,
from my analysis of test of correlation, using Pearson’s product-moment
correlation coefficient, External Debt affect money supplied negatively. This
means external debt has a significant negative impact on money supply. So,
Nigeria can solicit for debt cancellation from its creditors and also adopt
debt management as part of its macro economic policies of the nation and
finally engage in productive project.
TABLE OF CONTENT
Title Page - - - - - - - - - i
Certification - - - - - - - - - ii
Approval - - - - - - - - - iii
Dedication - - - - - - - - - iv
Acknowledgement - - - - - - - - v
List of Tables - - - - - - - - vi
Abstracts - - - - - - - - - vii
Table of Content - - - - - - - - viii
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 Background of the Study - - - - - - 1- 5
1.2 Objective of the Study - - - - - - - 6
1.3 Research Hypothesis - - - - - - - 6
1.4 Statement of the Problem - - - - - - 7
1.5 Significant of the Study - - - - - - - 7
- 8
1.6
Scope, Limitation and Delimitations - - - - - 8 - 9
1.7 Definition of Terms - - - - - - - 9–
10
Reference - - - - - - - - - 11
CHAPTER
TWO
2.0 Review of Related Literature - - - - - - 12
2.1 Introduction - - - - - - - - 12
2.2 Definition of External Debt and
Economic Growth - - - 12 - 15
2.3 Economic Growth - - - - - - - 15-
16
2.4 Causes of External Debt Crisis
in Nigeria - - - - 16-
18
2.5 Consequences of Nigeria’s
External Debt - - - - 18-
19
2.6 The Nature of Economic Growth in
Nigeria - - - - 19-
21
2.7
Condition for Rapid Economic Growth - - - - 21-
24
2.8 Sources of Nigeria’s External
Debt - - - - - 24-25
2.9 Nigeria’s Debt Management
Strategies - - - - 25-
29
2.10 Problems and Prospects of
Nigeria External Debts
Management - - - - - - - - 29
2.10.1 Problems - - - - - - - - 29 - 31
2.10.2 Prospects - - - - - - - - 31 - 33
2.11 Suggested Debt Management
Policies - - - - 33-
35
Reference - - - - - - - - -
36 - 38
CHAPTER
THREE
3.0 Methodology - - - - - - - - 39
3.1 Theoretical Framework - - - - - - - 39
3.2 Mode of Specification - - - - - - - 39-
43
3.3 Method of Evaluation - - - - - - - 43
3.4 Data Required and Sources - - - - - - 43
3.4.1 Primary Source of Data - - - - - - 43
3.4.2 Secondary Source of Data - - - - - - 43 - 44
3.4.3 Location of Data - - - - - - - 44
3.5 Description of Population - - - - - - 44
3.5.1 Sample Size - - - - - - - - 44 - 45
References - - - - - - - - - 46
CHAPTER
FOUR
4.0 Data Presentation, Analysis and
Interpretation - - - 47
4.1 Presentation of Data for
Hypothesis one - - - - 47-
54
4.2 Text of Hypothesis Two - - - - - - 55 - 57
4.2.1 Presentation of Data for
Hypothesis Two - - - - 57-
60
4.3 Presentation of Data for
Hypothesis three - - - - 60-
65
References - - - - - - - - - 66
CHAPTER
FIVE
5.0 Summary of Findings, Conclusion
and Recommendation - - 67
5.1 Summary of Findings - - - - - - - 67
5.2 Conclusion - - - - - - - - 67 - 68
5.3 Recommendation - - - - - - - 68-
69
Bibliography - - - - - - - - 70 - 73
Appendix I - - - - - - - - 74
Appendix II - - - - - - - - 75
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Securing external loan is inevitable for a
government when the economy faces financial crisis. There is no iota of doubt
that Nigeria, just as other developing countries, is facing serious debt
crisis. It has therefore emphasized the use of external loans for financing
public expenditure (National library 2006).
It
is generally expected that developing countries, facing a scarcity of capital,
will acquire external debt to supplement domestic saving (pattillo,etal
2002;safdari; and meherizi 2011).
According
to global development finance (2009), “every country in the world aims at
achieving economic growth and development”. However this is only possible if a
country has adequate resources. In developing countries especially those in sub
Sahara African the resources to finance the optimal level of economic growth
and development are in short supply. This ploughed with problem of low domestic
savings, low tax revenue, low productivity and meager foreign exchanger
earnings.
Basically,
for these reason, many developing counties yearning for economics growth
inevitably resort to external financing to bridge the gap between their savings
and investments. In the process of obtaining Finance from abroad, a country may
consider several options: grants, foreign investment and loans (concessional
and non- concessional ) in that order, However mix of these capital inflow in
varying proportion could be obtained depending on the socio- economic and
political situation in a country(World Bank 2009).
According
to (CBN annual report 2002) “Nigeria like most developing countries borrowed
from external sources mainly for investment purpose. The country external debt
sustainable up to mid 1970s, from the late 1979s because of poor macro-economic
management and declining prices of crude oil, the country’s external debt began
its upward movement. Thus from an external debt of US$ 557.74 millions in 1975.
Nigeria debt packed at US$33 .billions in 1990 before declining to US$27.1
billion in 1997 and rose to US$28.8 billion in 1998. (CBN annual report 2002).
However,
one of the greatest problem facing African countries basically classified as
the amount of their external indebtedness (World Bank African Data base, 2003).
This problem of increasing rate of the external debt is threatening the
development programmed embarked upon by these countries, thereby retarding
their economics growth and development, the reason being that the size of debt
relative to size of the economic GNP is enormous. Also, the current system of
debt management has a serious macro-economic impact on the economy’s outputs:
as such, there is an urgent need to reduced African total outstanding debt
service payments as well as accumulating of arrears on payments.
(Anyanwa
etal 1993)” in 1986, the federal government introduced the structural
adjustment progrmme (SAP)”, to address the problem of structural imbalance in
the economy and create an atmosphere for the achievement of macro- economics
stability. It is obvious that one of the integral parts of the SAP is to reduce
Nigeria huge debt. It is a fact that if the enormous amount spent on debt
service payment could be reduced greatly, the country will be able to finance a
large volume of domestic investment which enhances growth and development.
Nigeria
situation is likened to an extravagant person who is hosting his friends and
associated to an all exercise-paid , no holds barred party, when after the
parting found himself unable to setting even a fraction of the bill and all the
guest gone, not even a person to be seen to offer moral succor to the lavish
host. This vividly describes the Nigeria’s external debt problem. Having wastes
all the borrowed funds and having nothing to show for it, Nigeria is woken to
unending knocks of the creditors.
Unfortunately,
an ability to pay is close to zero. This is becomes more pathetic when it can
be seen that Nigeria is now called upon to pay when the economy is in depressed
mood. More so, the borrowed funds are embarked on ill conceived project which
are equally badly implemented. however, the new international economic order
sets out as one of its objective to secure favorable condition for they
transfer of resources to developing countries and to ensure that a countries
resources are fully utilizes for the development of the country concerned.
Thus, Nigeria resorted to external borrowing early in her history so as to
quicken the pace of economic development. The issue of Nigeria’s external debt
generated much public concern at the beginning of 1980 (World Bank African Data
Base 2003).
(Ugwu
2011), the etymology of Nigeria external debt can be traced back to 1958 when a
sum of us$28 million was contracted for railway construction. Between 1958 and
1977, the resort to foreign debt was minimal, as debts contracted during the
period were the confessional debt from bilateral and multilateral sources with
longer repayment period and lower interest rates constituting about 78.5
percent of the total debt stock. From 1978, following the collapse of oil
price, which exerted considerable pressure on the government finance, it became
necessary to borrow for balance of payment support and project financing. This
led to the promulgation of Decree No.30. Of 1978, limiting the first major
borrowing of US$ 1billion refereed to as the “jumbo loan” was contracted from
the international capital market (1 CM) in 1978, increasing the total external
debt stock to us$2.2 billion. Therefore, the spate of borrowing increased with
the entry of state government into external loan contractual obligations .while
the share of loans from bilateral and multilateral sources declined
substantially, borrowing from private sources at stiffer rates increased
considerably. Thus by 1982, the total external debt Stock was US$13.1billion.
According
to the (federal ministry of finance) Nigeria inability to settle her import
bill resulted in the accumulation of trade arrears amounting to US$9.8 billon
between 1983 and 1988.The reconciliation exercise, which took place between
1984 and 1988, reduced the amount to US$3.8billon. The accrued interest of
US$10.billon was re-capitalized bringing the total to US$4.8billon in 1988, and
the debt was eventually refinanced.
Nigeria’s
external debt rose further to US$33.1billon in 1990, but declined to US$27.5
billon in 1991 and increased steadily to US$32.6billon at the end of December
1995.
According
to the (federal ministry of finance), the total external debt outstanding at
the end of 1999 was US$ 28.0 billon, of the total outstanding debt, the Paris
club constitutes the highest source of share of 73.2 percent in 1999. The
balance is owed to the London club, the multilateral creditors, promissory note
holders and others. Since the beginning of civilian Administration in 1999,
Nigeria in concert with other debtor nations have canvassed for debt can
cancellation all to no avail .However in the year 2000, arising from good
performance on a preliminary programme with the international monetary fund
(IMF), Nigeria debt service obligation was reduced from about US$4.0 billion to
us$1 billon per annum.
(CBN
2000), by the end of December 2003, Nigeria external public debt outstanding
was estimated at US$32.9 billon. Although in the year 2005 certain debt
concessions were granted Nigeria of course this has made our debt obligation
with the Paris club to be reduced drastically. In April 2006, Nigeria became
the first African country to fully pay off its debt.
In essence, what matter most is not
the amount of the foreign loans but the way and manner the loans are used in
developmental process. If these loans are used for current consumption, they
will have minimal impact on future economic growth, but if invested rationally
in productive ventures, they will contribute positively to real, growth and
enhance the productive capacity of the economy.
The fact is that development depends
purely on a sustained increase in real income, which can only achieve or
accumulated from economic growth.
Economic
growth according to (Udabah 1999:24) “is therefore a steady process by which
the productive capacity of the economy is increased over time to bring about
rising levels of national income”. Growth tends to occur when total productive
increase more rapidly than population, thus it is the country’s ability to
maintain a strong defense or to pay for some other national project. As a
matter of fact, economic growth is an ever increasing quantity of goods and
services available to meet the economies need over time, hence the higher the
radio of debt servicing payment, the lower the level of economic growth.
However, according to (Anyanwu etal
1997),“the primary burden of Nigeria’s public debt is indeed shifted to the
future”,thereby retarding economic growth.
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