INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Waste management is the process of
treating solid wastes and offers variety of solutions for recycling items that
don’t belong to trash. It is about how garbage can be used as a valuable
resource. Waste management is something that each and every household and
business owner in the world needs. Waste management disposes of the products
and substances that you have use in a safe and efficient manner. Waste
management is the “generation, prevention, characterization, monitoring,
treatment, handling, reuse and residual disposition of solid wastes”. There are
various types of solid waste including municipal (residential, institutional,
commercial), agricultural, and special (health care, household hazardous
wastes, sewage sludge
The influence of poor
waste management on environmental health in Nigeria has been a cause of
concern, most especially as it affects the inhabitants of Calabar south Local
Government of Cross River State.
Waste has been on existence since the
creation of man and the environment. However, awareness on environmental
sanitation is presently creating high interest towards environmental education in
Nigeria.
The reason for this development is due to
the highly and increasing experiences of environmental filtration. It is
observed that the increase in human population and it’s high growth rate,
industrial development contribute to solid waste management.
The
destructions includes, indiscriminate waste disposal industrial air and water
pollution etc. result in the reduction of their healthiness. The United
Nation’s conference in human environment held in Stockom in 1972 agreed on a
plan of action to safeguard and enhance the environment of global scale in
order to improve the standard of ecological health of the earth, through the
improvement of right of man to live in an environment that preserves his
dignity.
Obi (1996) disposal of waste in the
country (Nigeria) has been assuming disturbing dimension as most authorities
connected with waste management have allowed their disposal to create pollution
problems to the nation’s environmental health.
The
country’s waste falls under three broad classes namely liquids waste, gaseous
waste and solid waste.
These is often generated by human beings
and their combined activities in the industrial agricultural rural and urban
sectors.
We
generate waste but only few of us know or care about what happens to them as it
affects human health and the environment. The unplanned urban nature of the
developing countries like Nigeria in general and Calabar south in particular
has implication for waste management among other social services like provision
of shelter and efficient management of solid waste policies face threat of
being entirely shocked in the ever growing refuse generation.
The
parcel of land like (garden street) which could have been used for waste
disposal are normally has taken over for other urban land uses, this factor
made it impossible to acquire permanent disposal sites.
Solid
waste is the most acute type of environmental degradation that has engulfed our
cities in recent times piles of refuse dumps blocked the street and drain in
most part of Nigerian towns, they have produced unbearable stinking odour in
market places, parks etc and breed rats, cockroaches flies and other pests that
are dangerous threat to our environmental health.
But in most parts of the civilized
countries of the world, the traditional ways of disposing refuse are by dumping
on land fills and by incineration. Organic maters are composited and feed to
pigs. Liquids wastes are often diluted with fresh water after some treatment
before being passed into the surface waster system while industrial gaseous
waste are generally diluted by emission into atmosphere. Today, waste disposal
is a major industry itself
It has acquired very sophisticated
technology to avoid environmental health contamination. Most waste treatment
technologies ranges from recycling of metals and papers to the disposal of
nuclear waste in sealed resistant containers at selected disposal site,
landfill, incinerators at selected disposal sites far away from the city are
the methods for handling the common solid waste generated by most household and
the few industries in our country. What is simply required is for city dwellers
to wait for their refuse vans to come round and pick them up from one part of
the city to the other thereby causing serious health hazard to the people
living around that environment.
The
waste disposal agencies in Calabar South Local Government Area include the city
scavengers, Calabar Urban Development Authority (CUDA), Environmental
Sanitation and Protection Agency etc. They complain of lack of funds to
maintain their refuse vans and other running cost of the agencies as major
problems of refuse collection and as a result of this refuse piles are seen on
every major road, junction over the areas.
On it’s parts the Federal Government has
since 1985 promulgated a decree in response to the filthiness of refuse problem
in this country by introducing the National Environmental Sanitation Programme.
This was to indicate in every Nigerian the basic public sanitation habit such
as proper disposal of refuse and clearing of one’s surrounding.
Environmental
sanitation ediths has also been promulgated at state government levels.
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