LEARNING FACILITIES AND STUDENTS’ ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE IN SOCIAL STUDIES IN AKAMPA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, CROSS RIVER STATE

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Learning facilities, which include the classrooms, libraries, technical workshops, laboratories, quality teachers, etc., are variables that affect students’ academic achievement (Ajayi, 2001 and Oluchukwu, (2000). Hence, learning facilities remains an important factor that should be studied and well managed to enhance students’ academic performance. The issue of poor academic performance of students in Nigeria has been of much concern to the government, parents, teachers and even student themselves. The quality of education not only depends on the teachers as reflected in the performance of their duties, but also in the effective coordination of the learning facilities (Ajao 2001).

The extent to which student learning could be enhanced depends on their location within the school compound, the structure of their classroom, availability of instructional facilities and accessories. It is believed that a well-planned school will gear up expected outcomes of education that will facilitate good social, political and economic emancipation, effective teaching and learning process and academic performance of the students.

Relating this study to international occurrences are the assertions of Williams and Turner (2008), which reported that safe and orderly classroom facilities (aspect of instructional space), School facilities (accessories) were significantly related to students’ academic performance in schools. The researchers, also quoted Glassman (1994), asserting that a comfortable and caring environment among other treatments helped to contribute to students` academic performance.

Again, the physical characteristics of the school have a variety of effects on teachers, students, and the learning process. Poor lighting, noise, high levels of carbon dioxide in classrooms, and inconsistent temperatures make teaching and learning difficult. Poor maintenance and ineffective ventilation systems lead to poor health among students as well as teachers, which leads to poor performance and higher absentee rates Frazier, (2002). These factors can adversely affect student behavior and lead to higher levels of frustration among teachers, and poor learning attitude among student.

Beyond the direct effects that poor facilities have on students’ ability to learn, the combination of poor facilities, which create uncomfortable and uninviting workplace for teachers, combined with frustrating behavior by students including poor concentration, creates a stressful set of working conditions for teachers. Because stress and job dissatisfaction are common pre-cursors to lowered teacher enthusiasm, it is possible that the aforementioned characteristics of school facilities have an effect upon the academic performance of students.

However, previous studies have investigated the relationship of poor learning facilities including problems with student-teacher ratio, school location, school population, classroom ventilation, poor lighting in classrooms, and inconsistent temperatures in the classroom with student health problems, student behavior, and student achievement Crandell, (2000). To complement these studies, the present research will examine the aforementioned areas of school learning facilities as it affect students’ performance in Akampa Local Government Area.

 1.2 Statement of the Problem

An overwhelming number of poor and minority students are being educated in deteriorating school facilities not conducive to increasing student motivation and/or academic achievement. 

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BUSINESS EDUCATION SKILLS AND THE STAFF JOB PERFORMANCE IN GOVERNMENT ESTABLISHMENT IN CALABAR URBAN

CHAPTER ONE

1.1      Background of the Study

Business education skills has been defined in several ways, most of which highlighting its vocational nature. Herrick (2000) defined business education skills as that form of instruction that both directly and indirectly prepares the businessmen for his calling, while Harms and Streh,(2005) considered business education skills as the total activity which is planned, organized and developed in favour of the preparation of youth for responsible economic participation in the country. Business education like other manpower training programmes is usually designed with the primary purpose of upgrading skills or providing citizens with the necessary skills required to obtain gainful employment, that is why Robert, (1999) defined business education as a programme designed to develop special competencies in marketable business skills and techniques. Also Osmua, (2009) in supporting Robert, "stated that business education is that part of education field which deals with business experiences both for specialized occupation uses and for general uses. Business education, of recent, has developed into more complex kind of learning which required the knowledge of other subjects. It is more complex with increase in technology and computerized society; a professional must equip himself with all forms of skill to be able to fit in our competitive business environment.

         Moreover, Okab, (1999) defined business education as "education for and about business". He went further to explain that business education is that aspect of vocational education which provides instruction and preparation for office occupations such as accountant, manager, marketer, secretary, shorthand, typist or stenographer and bookkeeper, is education for business. On the other hand, the aspect of education which provide knowledge and understanding of the economic, financial, marketing, accounting, management system and other branches of business endeavour is education about business. In other words education about business prepares students to function intelligently as consumers and citizens in a business economy. The major objective of business is to create good relation with the customers and be able to satisfy their needs.

The following are some the major skills in business education:

i.      Accounting skill

ii.     Managerial skill

iii.    Marketing skill

   However, Job performance is the performance of the duties prescribed by law and is a consequence of human activities on the tasks of the work. Another definition of performance is the efficiency and effectiveness of the duties of the job. This definition means that the efficiency and effectiveness of the resource is to be used to achieve a predetermined level (Hejazi, 2004). In this research, the performance of assigning duties and responsibilities to employees with job performance is considered. Performance is viewed as the implementation of an action or one’s ability. Good performance is also related with achieving the quality, quantity, dependability and creativity. Employee performance is considered as the measures of the quality of human capital which is held by the organization. According to Churchill, (1987), the determinants of performance are personal, organizational, environmental, motivation, skill level, aptitudes and role perceptions. The quality of employees is the important influence on performance. Naturally, who possesses a high skill level will succeed i.e. a person with high skills in job knowledge (unique skills, intelligence and work methods) will succeed in his task/job. To the government, employees’ job performance is very important because it will reflect the government performance. Job performance becomes the most important focus of administrators and academicians because the performance level will deteriorate if the level of skill of employee drops.  Employee is believed to be the “backbone” of the state government services with imperative role of ensuring that government policies and programs in the new era of National development are implemented effectively and efficiently. As a matter of fact, most establishment including state government are face with a crucial question of what factors influence employee performance and inadequate empirical information that might guide their efforts in enhancing overall job performance among employees.

         In view of evaluating employee job performance at the work place, therefore, it is of interest the researcher to conduct a study to examine the relationships between the skill levels of employee and job performance. Comprehensive examinations into the possible factors that can predict employee skill level in government establishment are imperative in this study. Firstly, the skills of employees are significant in public services because this factor will help the government to extend the services. However, one of the most important duties of supervisors is performance evaluation, and performance review evaluation of staff, and their competence ratings. Therefore, the ultimate goal of evaluating the performance, efficiency and effectiveness of the organization is to improve the performance of the employees. For most organizations, the process of evaluating an active management is employed by the direct and supervisor.

         The teacher acquires the skills in business education and effectively orients these skills to the students. These lead to the students’ effective acquisition of skills and positively affect their well-being as individuals in their families in particular and the nation at large, thus addressing the nation’s sustainable development positively. These aspects of branches call for many career opportunities in Business Education such as retailing, wholesaling, word processing, record keeping, preparation of financial report, auditing, consultancy services, advertising and public relation among others. All these recommended business education as a vital tool for entrepreneurship. It is primarily concerned with assisting the individual to be useful and as well as improving his/herself in the business world which will in turn lead to the improvement of the society at large. All these depend on how effective business education curriculum is implemented by the business educators.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

Lack of business education skills can impose serious constraint in the quality of staff and job performance. This will result to lack of efficient and effective staff in an organization which will in turn affect staff performance negatively. The effect of this increasing trend of poor performance of staff therefore remains unknown, and thus a need for this study.

      However, this study would also consider the problem encountered in acquiring business education skills such as managerial skills, accounting skills and marketing skills.

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THE EFFECT OF PARENTAL LEVEL OF EDUCATION AND THE ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF STUDENTS IN SELETED SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN CALABAR UBAN

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Education can be seen as an indispensable factor of human and national development. But this education came to us as the Western education was introduced in Nigeria by the missionaries in the mid-nineteenth century. Although the first mission school was founded in 1843 by Methodists, it was the Anglican Church missionary society that pushed forward in the early 1850s to find a chain of missions and schools, followed quickly in the late 1850s by the Roman Catholics. After this era, the British politicians (Colonial masters) took over the government to Westernize Nigeria in the full western culture of Politics, science and technology, systemizing the way of schooling in primary, secondary and tertiary institutions of learning. The government was led by ‘Lord Laggard’, the then governor general during the colonial period.

Furthermore, according to the Nigeria National Policy on education (1977) the secondary education is said to be the stage of education that a child is engaged after the primary education and before the tertiary stage. The Nigerians philosophy of education advocates for the provision of equal opportunities for all children at the primary, secondary, and tertiary levels of education.

In order to implement this land able policy the Federal government had launched UPE in 1976. This made it possible so that all the children are opportune to enroll in primary and secondary levels of education without any hindrances. It has been learnt that the number of students who dropout after primary education seems to be tremendous, that is why UPE was geared towards making secondary education affordable for all children.

The parents are expected to carryout some roles in their children education. This is because their roles are very important in their children education. The roles now include paying children school fees, having or being interested in knowing how their children are being taught in school, buying their text books, note books and other writing materials. The parents should also make sure that their children are well fed since they cannot study in an empty stomach, they should at times visit the schools where their classes and other extra-curricular activities in school.

Parents are still also experiencing obstacles in the cause of performing their roles in their children education. These obstacles/hindrances could be attributed to the poor socio-economic status, educational background and parental level of income. This is because people in the society are grouped in various classes of hierarchy as we have people of higher class, middle class, lower class etc. who live according to their level of income. But people who earn lower income in the family are faced with a serious problem that they can not meet up with some educational needs of their children because of the following reasons:

1.  Low income based of the parents.

2.  Low educational background of the parent.

3.  Now lucrative occupation engaged by the parents.

Education is vital, as compelling evidence has shown that family involvement has a positive effect on learners‟ academic achievement. The family plays a major role as a socializing agent by supporting the individuals as they grow from childhood to adulthood. This role cannot be adequately replaced by any other institution. However, parents need to be informed about various and more effective ways of creating or developing learning opportunities and stimulating experiences for their children through their involvement in parenting programmes. Community involvement in school activities has a positive effect on pupil performance. Fullan (2001) stresses that parents and the wider community have largely untapped expertise essential to the partnership.

      However well or badly parents do, they are the first educators. As part of community, schools need to develop an „invitational‟ attitude towards parents and to do more to help parents assist their children. Dustmann, Rajah and Soest (1998) support Fullan‟s position about the impact parental level of education and the community have on pupils‟ performance. But students are motivated to achieve not only self-motivation but also through the involvement of their peers, their parents, their teachers, and their communities. Emeka (2001) has attributed the causes of poor academic performance to a combination of personal and intuitional factors personal factors relate to the individuals. Intelligent, knowledge and ability while the institutional factors are family or parental influences, societal influence and school related factors among others. Ajila and Olutoa (2000) categories problems responsible for students’ poor performance as it include availability of suitable learning environment adequacy of educational infrastructure like textbooks, laboratory, studio etc. There is evidence that parent’s education will affect student’s academic achievement. According to Crasser (2003) parents level of education is one of the most important factor affecting students academic achievement, Taiwo (2000) submits that a child that comes from an educated home would like to follow the steps of his/her family and work  actively to his study, Iheke (1999)  concludes that a child from a well educated family with high socio-economic statues is more likely to perform better than a child from above average as compare to average income family with well educated parents who participate in the  schools education process and encourage their children to learns, they established that their socio-economic statues of students affected their achievement.

However, parents’ place priority to basic necessity likes housing, clothing, health care, educational toys and games, this point was supported by bookcock (2002) and Iheke (2002) on the relationship between school performance and parental socio economic condition.

Again, Academic achievement have always been the centre of educational research and despite varied statements about the aims of education, the academic development of the child continue to be the primary and most important goal of education. It acts as an emotional tonic. It advisable to laid good foundation in a child early years of life because sound academic records are the pillars on which the entire future personality stands. In a study considering the factors of school achievement, one possibly ignores those aspects in which individuals differ from one another. The starting point may be academic achievement itself where wide ranging variations occur from the point of outstanding achievement. If we consider a group of students a few students are found to be high achievers on the other hand a few are low achievers while a sizable number of students always appear as moderate achievers. The question arises why such a difference in achievement appears. These questions often appear in the minds of educators, educationists, and the psychologists, but with hardly satisfactory answers.

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THE IMPACT OF PUBLIC AUDIT IN GOVERNMENT ESTABLISHMENT

CHAPTER ONE

1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY

1.0    

Auditing by Wood and stein (1986) has been defined as checking somebody else accounting. Meigs et al (1982) puts the definition as an examination or investigation by independent public accountant of set of financial statement and the accounting records and other supporting evidence both within and outside clients business”. The Institute of chartered Accountant of England and Wale, (ICAEW 1985) sees auditing as independent examination and expression of an opinion on the financial statement of an enterprise by an appointed auditor in pursuance of that appointment and in compliance with relevant and statutory obligation. Osita Aguolu has also put that auditing is an independent examination of the financial statement of an organization with a view to expressing an opinion as to whether these statements give a true and fair view and comply with the relevant statues.

General Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) has defined Government auditing as an examination of public organization’s accounting records and books conduct by an outside professional in order to determine whether the organization is maintaining accurate government auditors are employed by agencies of Federal, State and Local Governments. When the audit recipients of government funds (including other government agencies), they act as external auditors.

Audit of government reporting is an essential element of public control and accountability to the information reported by or from management through objectively acquiring and evaluating evidence. The importance and comprehensive nature of auditing place a special responsibility on public government officials and other persons entrusted with public resources to ensure that audit is conducted in accordance with these standards.

However, the role of auditing in the public sector is changing in response to expectation. As the new democracy evolves and proper separation of powers entrenched, the audit office taking on the role of innovating standards of auditing the government activities and programs to:

·        Improve the quality of their auditing functions

·        Improve system control over public sector entities

·        Facilitate evaluation of government entities

Such standards as mentioned will become universally applicable to all organization, programs, activities whether they are performed by external auditors.

Recently, as quoted by B. Achaka in government auditing the role of the auditor has been extended by the need to become concerned with the value-for-money audit which is otherwise Performance Audit. Thus, the auditor is concerned with Economy, Efficiency, and Effectiveness of a particular function or departments within the body whose affairs are being audited. Financial audit which is one of the audit performance in government organization has been defined by B. Achaka as the audit of financial statements of an audited organization present fairly the financial position of the organization.

THE PUBLIC SERVICE

Government by (Osita Aguolu) may be defined as an organized entity which in addition to having government character, has sufficient discretion in management of its own affairs to distinguish it as separate from the administrative structure of any other governmental unit.

        The civil service, the judicial service, parastatals, government agencies etc constitute the public service. The civil service is a body in the executive arm of the government responsible for the execution of the policies and programmes of the government, performing purely administrative and executive function that entail formulation and implementation of approved government policies. The civil service provides the backbone for the stability and continuity of any control. Essential attributes include permance, impartiality, integrity, loyalty. These qualities are also applicable to the public service. The civil service is a subset of the public service, but it occupies a central position. Most of the organizations, which constitute the other parts of the public services are affiliated to and indirectly controlled by Ministers. Thus, this means that any inefficiency on the civil service affects the entire fabric of the society.

        The Public Service examination of Financial Statement by an independent auditor according to the American Institute of Certified Public Accountant is the expression of an opinion on the fairness with which they present financial position, results of operations and changes in the financial position, in conformity with the general accepted accounting principle. Thus, the auditor’s report is the medium through which he expresses his opinion or, if the circumstance requires disclaims on an opinion.

        Auditing has remained one of the oldest instruments of ensuring accountability, transparency and probity in the public sector of the economy. However, there has been some misgiving in this country on the role of auditing and auditors on the development of the nations. In a key not address at the 2001 annual conference of the Auditor-General of the Federation, state and local government, Chief Olusegun Obsanjo, stated thus “Significantly on the of the main demands of policy thrust of the 2001 budget is to entrench probity, transparency and accountability in government and ensure value for money in public expenditure”. But the President lamented that the role of auditors in the recent past observing that the mechanism and system existed to check abuse in the use of public resources where totally ignored, relatively applied or simply ineffective (and they did not achieve the objectives for which they were designed. Hence corruption set in and government became inefficient, uneconomically and ineffective resulting in large scale of misappropriation and misapplication of scarce resources”. Thus, it is against this back drop that this research has been conducted.

1.2       STATEMENT OF PROBLEM  

        From the outset, several cases of fraud, arson, misappropriation of public funds and other acts of indiscipline have been reported by government establishment. 

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EFFECT OF CONTROL MEASURE IN THE PRODUCTION OF QUALITY PRODUCT. (A CASE OF SYSTEM METAL COMPANY LIMITED, CALABAR).

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1   Background to the study

        Monitoring performance and comparing actual performance with pre-determined standard is one of the managerial tools in an organisation. Managerial control is effective when standards are established for the variables that are to be controlled, when information is available to measure the established standards, and when managers can take corrective action whenever the variable deviates from it desired state or standard.

        Standards are the criteria against which future, current or past actions are compared. They are measured in a variety of ways including physical, monetary, quantitative and qualitative terms. Managers must provide information that report actual performance against standards. Such information is most easily acquired for activities that produce specific and concrete result.

        Every business today wants to have quality products and services that are better than average, perform to the level needed, and are affordable. Effective control therefore, involves the implementation of methods that provides answers to the three basic questions: what are the planned and expected results? By what means can actual result be compared to planned result? What corrective action is appropriate?

1.2   Statement of the problem      

        Increased attention has been paid to effective control measures as an important determinant of the quality of products or services in any organisation. For the set of goals and objectives of any establishment to be attained, an adequate quality control measure must be put in place. Most organisations have failed to realize this fact, and because of this, they have faulted in their operation.

        In the course of carrying out this study, it was discovered that most organisations have failed to realize that appropriate control measure is not just to identify or flay those factors that could directly affect the quality of goods and services, but also to maintain an environment in which all employees are empowered to participate as a team in determining, assuring, measuring and improving the quality of products; lack of adequate profit due to increased cost without a proportionate increase in sales; lack of competent quality control personnel; the inability of project managers and project teams to inspect the accomplished works to ensure its alignment with the project and also the inability of the organisation to inculcate budgeting as a basic technique for effective control often resulted or believed to have hindered the availability of quality products in an organisation.

        Based on these, the researcher became interested in conducting a research work on the effect of control measures ion the quality of products in System Metal Company Limited, Calabar.     

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