SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES, PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS

INTRODUCTION

1.1     BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Waste management is the process of treating solid wastes and offers variety of solutions for recycling items that don’t belong to trash. It is about how garbage can be used as a valuable resource. Waste management is something that each and every household and business owner in the world needs. Waste management disposes of the products and substances that you have use in a safe and efficient manner. Waste management is the “generation, prevention, characterization, monitoring, treatment, handling, reuse and residual disposition of solid wastes”. There are various types of solid waste including municipal (residential, institutional, commercial), agricultural, and special (health care, household hazardous wastes, sewage sludge

The influence of poor waste management on environmental health in Nigeria has been a cause of concern, most especially as it affects the inhabitants of Calabar south Local Government of Cross River State.

       Waste has been on existence since the creation of man and the environment. However, awareness on environmental sanitation is presently creating high interest towards environmental education in Nigeria.

       The reason for this development is due to the highly and increasing experiences of environmental filtration. It is observed that the increase in human population and it’s high growth rate, industrial development contribute to solid waste management.

The destructions includes, indiscriminate waste disposal industrial air and water pollution etc. result in the reduction of their healthiness. The United Nation’s conference in human environment held in Stockom in 1972 agreed on a plan of action to safeguard and enhance the environment of global scale in order to improve the standard of ecological health of the earth, through the improvement of right of man to live in an environment that preserves his dignity.

       Obi (1996) disposal of waste in the country (Nigeria) has been assuming disturbing dimension as most authorities connected with waste management have allowed their disposal to create pollution problems to the nation’s environmental health.

The country’s waste falls under three broad classes namely liquids waste, gaseous waste and solid waste.

       These is often generated by human beings and their combined activities in the industrial agricultural rural and urban sectors.

We generate waste but only few of us know or care about what happens to them as it affects human health and the environment. The unplanned urban nature of the developing countries like Nigeria in general and Calabar south in particular has implication for waste management among other social services like provision of shelter and efficient management of solid waste policies face threat of being entirely shocked in the ever growing refuse generation.

The parcel of land like (garden street) which could have been used for waste disposal are normally has taken over for other urban land uses, this factor made it impossible to acquire permanent disposal sites.

Solid waste is the most acute type of environmental degradation that has engulfed our cities in recent times piles of refuse dumps blocked the street and drain in most part of Nigerian towns, they have produced unbearable stinking odour in market places, parks etc and breed rats, cockroaches flies and other pests that are dangerous threat to our environmental health.

       But in most parts of the civilized countries of the world, the traditional ways of disposing refuse are by dumping on land fills and by incineration. Organic maters are composited and feed to pigs. Liquids wastes are often diluted with fresh water after some treatment before being passed into the surface waster system while industrial gaseous waste are generally diluted by emission into atmosphere. Today, waste disposal is a major industry itself

       It has acquired very sophisticated technology to avoid environmental health contamination. Most waste treatment technologies ranges from recycling of metals and papers to the disposal of nuclear waste in sealed resistant containers at selected disposal site, landfill, incinerators at selected disposal sites far away from the city are the methods for handling the common solid waste generated by most household and the few industries in our country. What is simply required is for city dwellers to wait for their refuse vans to come round and pick them up from one part of the city to the other thereby causing serious health hazard to the people living around that environment.

The waste disposal agencies in Calabar South Local Government Area include the city scavengers, Calabar Urban Development Authority (CUDA), Environmental Sanitation and Protection Agency etc. They complain of lack of funds to maintain their refuse vans and other running cost of the agencies as major problems of refuse collection and as a result of this refuse piles are seen on every major road, junction over the areas.

       On it’s parts the Federal Government has since 1985 promulgated a decree in response to the filthiness of refuse problem in this country by introducing the National Environmental Sanitation Programme. This was to indicate in every Nigerian the basic public sanitation habit such as proper disposal of refuse and clearing of one’s surrounding.

Environmental sanitation ediths has also been promulgated at state government levels.

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