THE EFFECT OF JUVENILE DELINQUENCY ON THE ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF STUDENTS IN OBUDU LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF CROSS RIVER STATE.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1     Background of the study 

In life, variations exist in the students’ academic performance. These have raised a number of pertinent questions as to what might be responsible for these. The results from various studies have shown that variations in academic performance among students are influenced by parental educational background, attitudes, home and environment heredity and intelligence.

According to scholars like Comings (1991), Douglas (1989), Loasa (1982), and Thompson (2000), revealed that parents with basic knowledge in Education or highly educated parents buy suitable textbooks for their children and help them to read and understand such book. These help their progression in their academic achievement in schools.

It is obvious that a child that receives the preliminary study at home under this guardian excel in academic achievement than their counterparts who do not receive such study or guardian. Parents attitude immensely influence the academic performance of the students in school.

       According to Balmecede (1989), Douglas (1989) Lenwer and Scacon (1990) and Wilkins (2000) observed in their work that, how much a student achieves during his school days is largely dependent on the type of family he belongs. They further explained that a student whose parents take great interest on what he does at school, support him by providing lots of books and encourage him to be creative has a great advantage over other students whose parents do not give him such attention.

       Environment is another indicator that influences the academic performance of students. According to Bloom (1999: 189), “The condition forces an external stimuli that impinge on an individual”. Home environment constitutes people and things that make up the home surroundings of an individual and that influence his development through life. Scholars like Banks (2001), Duberman (1999), and Leitch (2000) observed that parental care and environment are strongly correlated and the lower the parental care the poorer home environment.

       It is obvious that environmental problems at home especially nutritional and physical possession, inadequacies have bearing on the health and educational performance of the individual. Taking these environmental factors into consideration, a child from a lower level of parental care stand the risk of school failure.

       Heredity and intelligence have been advance by scholars like Child (1997), Galton (1999) and Jenson (2001), are possible factors which affects the students performance in school. They observed that heredity is significantly correlated with academic performance and other siblings, and that the son of a supposed genius would turn out to be a genius because of inherited traits or characteristics.

       According to Eklin and Rossi (2000), parents from the upper social class who are wealthy and have important business positions, live in luxurious homes, send their children to high quality private secondary schools and also wish them to succeed them. The effect may be that they constitute a menace to the family and the society at large. The menace may range from robbery and other social crimes. This is why Douglas (1989) and Williams (1973) put their voices to this that parental encouragement, control and interest on what a student does in school is essential for his continuous success at school.

 According to Cynthia (2012), the future of our world depends on responsible citizens who possess the ability to express and resolve conflict while working together for civil improvement. For well over a century, behaviour researchers have attempted to understand the relation between juvenile delinquency and academic achievement.

       In the view pertaining to academic achievement and its effect on delinquency Taylor and Francis (2008), noted that researchers have not yet been able to established a direct causal relation between these two variables. It has been demonstrated that poor academic outcomes can adversely affect a child’s behaviour, and early behavioural problems can lead to poor academic outcomes. Studies have also shown that the rates of recidivism are highly correlated with how level of academic performance.

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THE EFFECT OF CHILD ABUSE ON THE ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT OF SENIOR SECONDARY ONE STUDENT

CHAPTER ONE

1.1     BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

This study focuses on the effects of child abuse in Nigeria using Biase Local Government Area of Cross river State as a case study. This study will therefore identified the major effects of child abuse that stands as a bottleneck in Nigeria most especially among the senior secondary one students in Biase Local Government Area.

It therefore implies that, this research will look at the effects of the child abuse on the academic performance of students basically senior secondary one (S.S.1) students in Biase Local Government Area.

According to the united Nation (UN) standard, child abuse is a condition of causing or permitting to occur, any form of offensive or harmful contact on the body of the child, such a contact incorporated any form of interaction, exchange or communication that brings shame, embarrassment, fear or disgrace to the child.

This therefore, underscores the need to treat the child with dignity and as an entity who when his feeling and emotional disposition are unaffectionately tempered with, may degenerate into crisis.

However, a child is abuse if a recent act or failure to act on the part of a exploitation or any act or failure to act which involves imminent risk of serious harm (Khatric 2004).

Child abuse refers simply to the maltreatment of the child, hardly does a day pass by without a news report of a child who has been maltreated, battered, sexually harassed, neglected or abandoned by people who were suppose to look after them. Child abuse in Nigeria has a kind of institutionalized posture not until recently, when many writers, commentators and scholars have drawn the attention of the government and the general public to the incidence of child abuse. The persistence of child abuse has been attributed to some conditions that seems inevitable, and these conditions make families to fail in their duty to the child which include to ensure growth, to give right scope for emotional development and to preserve the art of parenthood as well as to teach behavior. With the alteration of society by rapid socio-economic and political changes various forms of child abuse have been identified, particularly in the rural areas such as in Biase Local Government Area, where the is increase in child labour and exploitation of children.          

Child abuse has been the cause of poor academic performances of S.S.1. Students in Biase Local Government Area. And this has constituted a serious problem which has becomes a cause for concerned to most people in different ways; it frustrates both the students and the teachers.

Teacher’s frustration stems from the very fact that students are not responsive enough in their lessons and yet both students and parents blame teachers for student’s poor performances. The teachers blame the students of lack of concentration and extra time to read at home. They also blame parents for failing to lay the right foundation on their children education.

Although this project will focus on the effect of child abuse on the academic performance of students in Biase Local Government Area of cross river state, The phenomenon by no means peculiar to Biase only, most urban and rural area have a share in child abuse and how it’s affects academic performance of senior secondary one [ S.S.1.] student.  

1.2     THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

The theoretical background this study is very necessary, for scientific analysis and understand of a social problem a model for exploration is necessary. Therefore, there are various theories through which the incidence of child abuse can be explained namely; social learning theory, social cultural theories and type of cognitive development and instrumental conditioning.

I)    SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY

  Albert Bandura is know has the originator of the social learning the in 1973, the foundation or the assumption of the theory is that, people learn within a social context, it is facilitated through concepts such as modeling and observational learning. People especially children, learn from the environment and seek acceptance from society by learning through influential models.

It is a theory with social behaviour (i.e. any type of behaviour that we display socially) is learned primarily by observing and imitating the actions of others, the social behaviour is also influenced by being rewarded and/or punished for these actions. 

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