THE EFFECT OF PARENTAL LEVEL OF EDUCATION AND THE ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF STUDENTS IN SELETED SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN CALABAR UBAN

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Education can be seen as an indispensable factor of human and national development. But this education came to us as the Western education was introduced in Nigeria by the missionaries in the mid-nineteenth century. Although the first mission school was founded in 1843 by Methodists, it was the Anglican Church missionary society that pushed forward in the early 1850s to find a chain of missions and schools, followed quickly in the late 1850s by the Roman Catholics. After this era, the British politicians (Colonial masters) took over the government to Westernize Nigeria in the full western culture of Politics, science and technology, systemizing the way of schooling in primary, secondary and tertiary institutions of learning. The government was led by ‘Lord Laggard’, the then governor general during the colonial period.

Furthermore, according to the Nigeria National Policy on education (1977) the secondary education is said to be the stage of education that a child is engaged after the primary education and before the tertiary stage. The Nigerians philosophy of education advocates for the provision of equal opportunities for all children at the primary, secondary, and tertiary levels of education.

In order to implement this land able policy the Federal government had launched UPE in 1976. This made it possible so that all the children are opportune to enroll in primary and secondary levels of education without any hindrances. It has been learnt that the number of students who dropout after primary education seems to be tremendous, that is why UPE was geared towards making secondary education affordable for all children.

The parents are expected to carryout some roles in their children education. This is because their roles are very important in their children education. The roles now include paying children school fees, having or being interested in knowing how their children are being taught in school, buying their text books, note books and other writing materials. The parents should also make sure that their children are well fed since they cannot study in an empty stomach, they should at times visit the schools where their classes and other extra-curricular activities in school.

Parents are still also experiencing obstacles in the cause of performing their roles in their children education. These obstacles/hindrances could be attributed to the poor socio-economic status, educational background and parental level of income. This is because people in the society are grouped in various classes of hierarchy as we have people of higher class, middle class, lower class etc. who live according to their level of income. But people who earn lower income in the family are faced with a serious problem that they can not meet up with some educational needs of their children because of the following reasons:

1.  Low income based of the parents.

2.  Low educational background of the parent.

3.  Now lucrative occupation engaged by the parents.

Education is vital, as compelling evidence has shown that family involvement has a positive effect on learners‟ academic achievement. The family plays a major role as a socializing agent by supporting the individuals as they grow from childhood to adulthood. This role cannot be adequately replaced by any other institution. However, parents need to be informed about various and more effective ways of creating or developing learning opportunities and stimulating experiences for their children through their involvement in parenting programmes. Community involvement in school activities has a positive effect on pupil performance. Fullan (2001) stresses that parents and the wider community have largely untapped expertise essential to the partnership.

However well or badly parents do, they are the first educators. As part of community, schools need to develop an „invitational‟ attitude towards parents and to do more to help parents assist their children. Dustmann, Rajah and Soest (1998) support Fullan‟s position about the impact parental level of education and the community have on pupils‟ performance. But students are motivated to achieve not only self-motivation but also through the involvement of their peers, their parents, their teachers, and their communities.Emeka (2001) has attributed the causes of poor academic performance to a combination of personal and intuitional factors personal factors relate to the individuals. Intelligent, knowledge and ability while the institutional factors are family or parental influences, societal influence and school related factors among others.Ajila and Olutoa (2000) categories problems responsible for students’ poor performance as it include availability of suitable learning environment adequacy of educational infrastructure like textbooks, laboratory, studio etc. There is evidence that parent’s education will affect student’s academic achievement. According to Crasser (2003) parents level of education is one of the most important factor affecting students academic achievement,Taiwo (2000) submits that a child that comes from an educated home would like to follow the steps of his/her family and work  actively to his study, Iheke (1999)  concludes that a child from a well educated family with high socio-economic statues is more likely to perform better than a child from above average as compare to average income family with well educated parents who participate in the  schools education process and encourage their children to learns,they established that their socio-economic statues of students affected their achievement.

However, parents’ place priority to basic necessity likes housing, clothing, health care, educational toys and games, this point was supported by bookcock (2002) and Iheke (2002) on the relationship between school performance and parental socio economic condition.

Again, Academic achievement have always been the centre of educational research and despite varied statements about the aims of education, the academic development of the child continue to be the primary and most important goal of education. It acts as an emotional tonic. It advisable to laid good foundation in a child early years of life because sound academic records are the pillars on which the entire future personality stands. In a study considering the factors of school achievement, one possibly ignores those aspects in which individuals differ from one another. The starting point may be academic achievement itself where wide ranging variations occur from the point of outstanding achievement. If we consider a group of students a few students are found to be high achievers on the other hand a few are low achievers while a sizable number of students always appear as moderate achievers. The question arises why such a difference in achievement appears. These questions often appear in the minds of educators, educationists, and the psychologists, but with hardly satisfactory answers.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

In many parts of the world educationists, sociologists, and schools can influence educational attainment. Early researchers on the subject focus primarily on what we called “Intellectual and ability factors. Recently, there have been emphases in the conceptualization on the problem due to the gradual recognition that some students perform worse than expected in ability tests. The search for causes of the variations in academic performances led to the first consideration of “Non-intellectual” characteristics.

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THE APPLICATION OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND EFFECTIVE BANKING SYSTEM (A STUDY OF UBA PLC)

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1      BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Computer remains relevant and its usefulness cannot be ignored in every sphere of life. Banks are increasingly dependent on services provided by computer systems via ICT and vulnerability to effective banking services is growing fast as a result. The beauty is that banks are no longer just concerned with the information and the technology to process it; the single most important aspect is to communicate this information. Speed, ever-reducing costs and general availability of communications technology, e-mail and the Internet have revolutionized the way banks work and live.  Literally, ICT means working with computers, but in a more technical way it is a term used to describe technologies that enable us to record, process, retrieve, transmit and receive information. ICT ranges from the oral and traditional types such as speech, drama and prints to recent and modern ones like electrical ICTs (radio and TVs) and digital ICTs. The digital revolution is at the heart of the impending pervasive use of digital ICTs. The ability to store and process numerical, textual, audio and video information in digital form at speeds, in quantities and at costs previously unimaginable and the ability to transmit the digital objects across time and space quickly and at relatively nominal costs are the strengths of the electronic venue of ICTs.

      Recent banking industries as to do with the systems of people, equipment, inventory and procedures arranged to interact in order to accomplish one or more objectives. Rapid changes due to globalization of banks, technological innovations, social and political changes cum increased awareness and demands from customers are putting pressures on banks which are being countered by new management approaches ranging from telecommuting to bank process reengineering. ICT is at the core of most innovations used today by banks to succeed or survive. ICTs are known for strategic management, communication, collaboration work, customers' access, managerial decision making, data management and knowledge management. In the light of these, this research focused on the advantages and disadvantages in using digital ICTs in banking activities for effective service delivery.

      However, the role of technology in the information age is well recognized by business, industry and government and is completely woven in to their organizational structures and strategic planning processes. Glover, (1993).The quality of strategic planning is limited by the quality of information available to decision makers and that executive information systems were critical in furnishing the necessary data which produced information.

       Technology relates to both the physical aspects of machines, equipment, processes and work layout and the actual methods, systems and procedures involved in the carrying out of work. Technology is therefore a major influence on general climate of the organization the behaviour of customers at the banking industry.

       Most commercial banks have adopted one form of information technology or the other. This is because the banks services have some unique characteristics which make it at great advantage to them. The paper – based nature of the banking transaction is being replaced by electronic based transaction. Since the adoption of information technology, the paper-based communications in most banks have been replaced by electronic communication.

1.2   STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM:

The information technology has brought about the change in the banking operation. This is a transaction from manual way of processing cheques and other related activities to computerized ways of all banking transactions.

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THE EFFECT OF JUVENILE DELINQUENCY ON THE ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF STUDENTS IN OBUDU LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF CROSS RIVER STATE.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1     Background of the study 

In life, variations exist in the students’ academic performance. These have raised a number of pertinent questions as to what might be responsible for these. The results from various studies have shown that variations in academic performance among students are influenced by parental educational background, attitudes, home and environment heredity and intelligence.

According to scholars like Comings (1991), Douglas (1989), Loasa (1982), and Thompson (2000), revealed that parents with basic knowledge in Education or highly educated parents buy suitable textbooks for their children and help them to read and understand such book. These help their progression in their academic achievement in schools.

It is obvious that a child that receives the preliminary study at home under this guardian excel in academic achievement than their counterparts who do not receive such study or guardian. Parents attitude immensely influence the academic performance of the students in school.

       According to Balmecede (1989), Douglas (1989) Lenwer and Scacon (1990) and Wilkins (2000) observed in their work that, how much a student achieves during his school days is largely dependent on the type of family he belongs. They further explained that a student whose parents take great interest on what he does at school, support him by providing lots of books and encourage him to be creative has a great advantage over other students whose parents do not give him such attention.

       Environment is another indicator that influences the academic performance of students. According to Bloom (1999: 189), “The condition forces an external stimuli that impinge on an individual”. Home environment constitutes people and things that make up the home surroundings of an individual and that influence his development through life. Scholars like Banks (2001), Duberman (1999), and Leitch (2000) observed that parental care and environment are strongly correlated and the lower the parental care the poorer home environment.

       It is obvious that environmental problems at home especially nutritional and physical possession, inadequacies have bearing on the health and educational performance of the individual. Taking these environmental factors into consideration, a child from a lower level of parental care stand the risk of school failure.

       Heredity and intelligence have been advance by scholars like Child (1997), Galton (1999) and Jenson (2001), are possible factors which affects the students performance in school. They observed that heredity is significantly correlated with academic performance and other siblings, and that the son of a supposed genius would turn out to be a genius because of inherited traits or characteristics.

       According to Eklin and Rossi (2000), parents from the upper social class who are wealthy and have important business positions, live in luxurious homes, send their children to high quality private secondary schools and also wish them to succeed them. The effect may be that they constitute a menace to the family and the society at large. The menace may range from robbery and other social crimes. This is why Douglas (1989) and Williams (1973) put their voices to this that parental encouragement, control and interest on what a student does in school is essential for his continuous success at school.

 According to Cynthia (2012), the future of our world depends on responsible citizens who possess the ability to express and resolve conflict while working together for civil improvement. For well over a century, behaviour researchers have attempted to understand the relation between juvenile delinquency and academic achievement.

       In the view pertaining to academic achievement and its effect on delinquency Taylor and Francis (2008), noted that researchers have not yet been able to established a direct causal relation between these two variables. It has been demonstrated that poor academic outcomes can adversely affect a child’s behaviour, and early behavioural problems can lead to poor academic outcomes. Studies have also shown that the rates of recidivism are highly correlated with how level of academic performance.

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THE EFFECT OF CHILD ABUSE ON THE ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT OF SENIOR SECONDARY ONE STUDENT

CHAPTER ONE

1.1     BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

This study focuses on the effects of child abuse in Nigeria using Biase Local Government Area of Cross river State as a case study. This study will therefore identified the major effects of child abuse that stands as a bottleneck in Nigeria most especially among the senior secondary one students in Biase Local Government Area.

It therefore implies that, this research will look at the effects of the child abuse on the academic performance of students basically senior secondary one (S.S.1) students in Biase Local Government Area.

According to the united Nation (UN) standard, child abuse is a condition of causing or permitting to occur, any form of offensive or harmful contact on the body of the child, such a contact incorporated any form of interaction, exchange or communication that brings shame, embarrassment, fear or disgrace to the child.

This therefore, underscores the need to treat the child with dignity and as an entity who when his feeling and emotional disposition are unaffectionately tempered with, may degenerate into crisis.

However, a child is abuse if a recent act or failure to act on the part of a exploitation or any act or failure to act which involves imminent risk of serious harm (Khatric 2004).

Child abuse refers simply to the maltreatment of the child, hardly does a day pass by without a news report of a child who has been maltreated, battered, sexually harassed, neglected or abandoned by people who were suppose to look after them. Child abuse in Nigeria has a kind of institutionalized posture not until recently, when many writers, commentators and scholars have drawn the attention of the government and the general public to the incidence of child abuse. The persistence of child abuse has been attributed to some conditions that seems inevitable, and these conditions make families to fail in their duty to the child which include to ensure growth, to give right scope for emotional development and to preserve the art of parenthood as well as to teach behavior. With the alteration of society by rapid socio-economic and political changes various forms of child abuse have been identified, particularly in the rural areas such as in Biase Local Government Area, where the is increase in child labour and exploitation of children.          

Child abuse has been the cause of poor academic performances of S.S.1. Students in Biase Local Government Area. And this has constituted a serious problem which has becomes a cause for concerned to most people in different ways; it frustrates both the students and the teachers.

Teacher’s frustration stems from the very fact that students are not responsive enough in their lessons and yet both students and parents blame teachers for student’s poor performances. The teachers blame the students of lack of concentration and extra time to read at home. They also blame parents for failing to lay the right foundation on their children education.

Although this project will focus on the effect of child abuse on the academic performance of students in Biase Local Government Area of cross river state, The phenomenon by no means peculiar to Biase only, most urban and rural area have a share in child abuse and how it’s affects academic performance of senior secondary one [ S.S.1.] student.  

1.2     THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

The theoretical background this study is very necessary, for scientific analysis and understand of a social problem a model for exploration is necessary. Therefore, there are various theories through which the incidence of child abuse can be explained namely; social learning theory, social cultural theories and type of cognitive development and instrumental conditioning.

I)    SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY

  Albert Bandura is know has the originator of the social learning the in 1973, the foundation or the assumption of the theory is that, people learn within a social context, it is facilitated through concepts such as modeling and observational learning. People especially children, learn from the environment and seek acceptance from society by learning through influential models.

It is a theory with social behaviour (i.e. any type of behaviour that we display socially) is learned primarily by observing and imitating the actions of others, the social behaviour is also influenced by being rewarded and/or punished for these actions. 

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LEARNING FACILITIES AND STUDENTS’ ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE IN SOCIAL STUDIES IN AKAMPA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, CROSS RIVER STATE

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Learning facilities, which include the classrooms, libraries, technical workshops, laboratories, quality teachers, etc., are variables that affect students’ academic achievement (Ajayi, 2001 and Oluchukwu, (2000). Hence, learning facilities remains an important factor that should be studied and well managed to enhance students’ academic performance. The issue of poor academic performance of students in Nigeria has been of much concern to the government, parents, teachers and even student themselves. The quality of education not only depends on the teachers as reflected in the performance of their duties, but also in the effective coordination of the learning facilities (Ajao 2001).

The extent to which student learning could be enhanced depends on their location within the school compound, the structure of their classroom, availability of instructional facilities and accessories. It is believed that a well-planned school will gear up expected outcomes of education that will facilitate good social, political and economic emancipation, effective teaching and learning process and academic performance of the students.

Relating this study to international occurrences are the assertions of Williams and Turner (2008), which reported that safe and orderly classroom facilities (aspect of instructional space), School facilities (accessories) were significantly related to students’ academic performance in schools. The researchers, also quoted Glassman (1994), asserting that a comfortable and caring environment among other treatments helped to contribute to students` academic performance.

Again, the physical characteristics of the school have a variety of effects on teachers, students, and the learning process. Poor lighting, noise, high levels of carbon dioxide in classrooms, and inconsistent temperatures make teaching and learning difficult. Poor maintenance and ineffective ventilation systems lead to poor health among students as well as teachers, which leads to poor performance and higher absentee rates Frazier, (2002). These factors can adversely affect student behavior and lead to higher levels of frustration among teachers, and poor learning attitude among student.

Beyond the direct effects that poor facilities have on students’ ability to learn, the combination of poor facilities, which create uncomfortable and uninviting workplace for teachers, combined with frustrating behavior by students including poor concentration, creates a stressful set of working conditions for teachers. Because stress and job dissatisfaction are common pre-cursors to lowered teacher enthusiasm, it is possible that the aforementioned characteristics of school facilities have an effect upon the academic performance of students.

However, previous studies have investigated the relationship of poor learning facilities including problems with student-teacher ratio, school location, school population, classroom ventilation, poor lighting in classrooms, and inconsistent temperatures in the classroom with student health problems, student behavior, and student achievement Crandell, (2000). To complement these studies, the present research will examine the aforementioned areas of school learning facilities as it affect students’ performance in Akampa Local Government Area.

 1.2 Statement of the Problem

An overwhelming number of poor and minority students are being educated in deteriorating school facilities not conducive to increasing student motivation and/or academic achievement. 

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BUSINESS EDUCATION SKILLS AND THE STAFF JOB PERFORMANCE IN GOVERNMENT ESTABLISHMENT IN CALABAR URBAN

CHAPTER ONE

1.1      Background of the Study

Business education skills has been defined in several ways, most of which highlighting its vocational nature. Herrick (2000) defined business education skills as that form of instruction that both directly and indirectly prepares the businessmen for his calling, while Harms and Streh,(2005) considered business education skills as the total activity which is planned, organized and developed in favour of the preparation of youth for responsible economic participation in the country. Business education like other manpower training programmes is usually designed with the primary purpose of upgrading skills or providing citizens with the necessary skills required to obtain gainful employment, that is why Robert, (1999) defined business education as a programme designed to develop special competencies in marketable business skills and techniques. Also Osmua, (2009) in supporting Robert, "stated that business education is that part of education field which deals with business experiences both for specialized occupation uses and for general uses. Business education, of recent, has developed into more complex kind of learning which required the knowledge of other subjects. It is more complex with increase in technology and computerized society; a professional must equip himself with all forms of skill to be able to fit in our competitive business environment.

         Moreover, Okab, (1999) defined business education as "education for and about business". He went further to explain that business education is that aspect of vocational education which provides instruction and preparation for office occupations such as accountant, manager, marketer, secretary, shorthand, typist or stenographer and bookkeeper, is education for business. On the other hand, the aspect of education which provide knowledge and understanding of the economic, financial, marketing, accounting, management system and other branches of business endeavour is education about business. In other words education about business prepares students to function intelligently as consumers and citizens in a business economy. The major objective of business is to create good relation with the customers and be able to satisfy their needs.

The following are some the major skills in business education:

i.      Accounting skill

ii.     Managerial skill

iii.    Marketing skill

   However, Job performance is the performance of the duties prescribed by law and is a consequence of human activities on the tasks of the work. Another definition of performance is the efficiency and effectiveness of the duties of the job. This definition means that the efficiency and effectiveness of the resource is to be used to achieve a predetermined level (Hejazi, 2004). In this research, the performance of assigning duties and responsibilities to employees with job performance is considered. Performance is viewed as the implementation of an action or one’s ability. Good performance is also related with achieving the quality, quantity, dependability and creativity. Employee performance is considered as the measures of the quality of human capital which is held by the organization. According to Churchill, (1987), the determinants of performance are personal, organizational, environmental, motivation, skill level, aptitudes and role perceptions. The quality of employees is the important influence on performance. Naturally, who possesses a high skill level will succeed i.e. a person with high skills in job knowledge (unique skills, intelligence and work methods) will succeed in his task/job. To the government, employees’ job performance is very important because it will reflect the government performance. Job performance becomes the most important focus of administrators and academicians because the performance level will deteriorate if the level of skill of employee drops.  Employee is believed to be the “backbone” of the state government services with imperative role of ensuring that government policies and programs in the new era of National development are implemented effectively and efficiently. As a matter of fact, most establishment including state government are face with a crucial question of what factors influence employee performance and inadequate empirical information that might guide their efforts in enhancing overall job performance among employees.

         In view of evaluating employee job performance at the work place, therefore, it is of interest the researcher to conduct a study to examine the relationships between the skill levels of employee and job performance. Comprehensive examinations into the possible factors that can predict employee skill level in government establishment are imperative in this study. Firstly, the skills of employees are significant in public services because this factor will help the government to extend the services. However, one of the most important duties of supervisors is performance evaluation, and performance review evaluation of staff, and their competence ratings. Therefore, the ultimate goal of evaluating the performance, efficiency and effectiveness of the organization is to improve the performance of the employees. For most organizations, the process of evaluating an active management is employed by the direct and supervisor.

         The teacher acquires the skills in business education and effectively orients these skills to the students. These lead to the students’ effective acquisition of skills and positively affect their well-being as individuals in their families in particular and the nation at large, thus addressing the nation’s sustainable development positively. These aspects of branches call for many career opportunities in Business Education such as retailing, wholesaling, word processing, record keeping, preparation of financial report, auditing, consultancy services, advertising and public relation among others. All these recommended business education as a vital tool for entrepreneurship. It is primarily concerned with assisting the individual to be useful and as well as improving his/herself in the business world which will in turn lead to the improvement of the society at large. All these depend on how effective business education curriculum is implemented by the business educators.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

Lack of business education skills can impose serious constraint in the quality of staff and job performance. This will result to lack of efficient and effective staff in an organization which will in turn affect staff performance negatively. The effect of this increasing trend of poor performance of staff therefore remains unknown, and thus a need for this study.

      However, this study would also consider the problem encountered in acquiring business education skills such as managerial skills, accounting skills and marketing skills.

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