INFLUENCE OF COOPERATIVE SOCIETY ACTIVITIES ON THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF OSISIOMA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF ABIA STATE

CHAPTER ONE

             INTRODUCTION

1.1   Background of the study

Co-operative movement has been in existence since the early days of civilization. Historical accounts suggest that various forms of co-operative activities exist since the days of the Babylonian era, and some said that cooperative is as old as mankind. It is the natural tendency of people to help each other (Chukwu, 1999).

Cooperative is the joint working of two or more cersons with a view to achieving a common end. Social progress depends on it and modern civilization cannot continue without it, scattered factors of production have ceen brought together by cooperative.

Many tasks have been done cooperatively, community efforts are put into building of road, bridges, houses, thrift and credit facilities, etc. These provide excellent examples.

At early nineteenth century in Britain, during the industrial revolution, the introduction of newly inverted machinery and other labour saving techniques gave rise to wide spread freedom to exploit others in an attempt to get rich quick. The machines conveniently replaced human labour with relative ease. It means the work was done both faster and better (Birchall, 2008).

Consequently, wages paid to workers were low but ionger hours of work coupled with in healthy working conditions. There was a mass rural-urban migration, father, mother and children worked in factories for long hours and family life was totally disrupted.

The said socio-economic conditions brought in dishonesty. False weight and measures were applied and housing condition very miserable. And yet goods were sold at such exorbitant price that the industrial owners in humanly sacked workers with careless abandon. Those who were left behind for whatever reasons were cruelly treated and in fact reduced to mere taking machines, starvation and suffering because so rampant among the poor that the period is better known.

The indices of social and economic" development includes employment opportunities, provision of social amenities to communities, good governance, commerce and industry, trade, manufacturing, Agricultural sector and education.

The above social and economic conditions gave rise to savage conflicts between the employers and the employees. Men of conscience were indisputably touched deeply. Consequently, humanitarian organizations sprang up, either to reduce to the barest minimum or to stamp out those undesirable human evils. There was an attempt to find solutions to the deteriorating conditions of the working class, characterized by their exploitation by factory.

The need to "join hands" and come together in fulfilling a cooperative societies were not very successful until the "Rockdale Equitable Pioneer" under the leadership of a dedicated philanthropist,  politician and church man Robert Owen, succeeded in forming a successful cooperative society in December 1844 (Ojo 2001).

Cooperative societies have succeeded in providing employment opportunities to the jobless youths in the society. However, the unemployment rate in Nigeria is reduced as a result of the existence of cooperative societies in our various communities (Telema, 2004).

Cooperative societies also provides social amenities like pipe borne waters, clinics, road maintenance, free drugs and immunizations against influenza, etc. 8Tessy 2009).In terms of good governance, cooperative societies also organize leadership forums and workshops for both the past, current, and future leaders in our societies.

They impact the knowledge of good governance into them. Cooperative societies have equally helped immensely in lending money to industrialists to aid commerce and industry in our societies. Most traders also affiliate with cooperative societies to enable them get incentives, loans and other dividends which will enable them progress in their business.

On the other hand, Agriculturalists are also encouraged and sponsored by cooperative societies. Also, cooperative societies educate, enlighten and inform the farmers on the new farming techniques and methods.

Cooperative societies also sponsor bright and intelligent students in the community by giving the scholarships and awards.

Cooperative societies in its broadest form is any form of organization where two or more persons come together with one motive in a formulized way to achieve some set goals and objectives thereby extending their plans to benefit its members and the community where it is located.

However, this particular study is aimed at identifying and investigating the influence of cooperative society activities on the social and economic development of

Osisioma Area of Abia State.

1.2.1 Roy’s voluntary theory of cooperative society

          Voluntary theory of cooperative society was propounded by Roy Roland in the year 1951.

          However, this theory states that cooperative society is a voluntary organization established for the pursuance of economic, social and political; interest of its members. This implies that cooperative should be an association of persons usually of limited means, who have voluntary joined together to achieve a common economic and through the formation of a democratically controlled business organizations, making equitable, and accepting a fair share of risk and benefit of the undertaking, more, it is a voluntary association of fee and independent persons for the betterment of their economic conditions.

          The implication of this theory to this study is that cooperative movements apart from their economic roles, still have other aims and an ideal cooperator seek to apply cooperative methods to all purposes of social life and does so because it is believed that in working for a common goal, man’s highest qualities are enlisted and developed, the man himself becomes a better man and the quality of human race is improved.

1.3     Statement of the problem

Due to the significance of cooperative society, the international labour organization has to show the fact that; "in current National Development Plan, various measures are adopted to broaden the productive base of the economy as a strategy to achieving a strong and virile economy, enhance availability of improved technology and extensive services through cooperative society activities.

The above policy statement clearly shows that the status and prominence given currently achieve and enjoyed by this relatively organization in our society is agent of change in the nation economy.

This understanding is therefore, aimed at obtaining and observing the activities of cooperative society in Osisioma Local government Area of Abia State through federal agencies to alleviate poverty, create wealth and ensure food security through cooperative society's scheme, the problem of ignorance, the formation of cooperative societies in Osisioma Local Government Area prevails hence, the need to research on".

1.       Promotion of members' interest on cooperative society activities and provision of services for them in Osisioma Local Government Area.

2.       Provision of fertilizer to members who are farmers

at low cost.

3.       Creating   of marketing   strategies for members

produce.

4.       Provision of credit facilities, example, loan to members in the area.

5.       To adequately inform and involve the people of Osisioma Local Government Area on the activities of cooperative society.

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THE EFFECT OF CHILD ABUSE ON THE ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT OF SENIOR SECONDARY ONE STUDENTS IN BIASE LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF CROSS RIVER STATE

CHAPTER ONE

1.1     BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

This study focuses on the effects of child abuse in Nigeria using Biase Local Government Area of Cross river State as a case study. This study will therefore identified the major effects of child abuse that stands as a bottleneck in Nigeria most especially among the senior secondary one students in Biase Local Government Area.

It therefore implies that, this research will look at the effects of the child abuse on the academic performance of students basically senior secondary one (S.S.1) students in Biase Local Government Area.

According to the united Nation (UN) standard, child abuse is a condition of causing or permitting to occur, any form of offensive or harmful contact on the body of the child, such a contact incorporated any form of interaction, exchange or communication that brings shame, embarrassment, fear or disgrace to the child.

This therefore, underscores the need to treat the child with dignity and as an entity who when his feeling and emotional disposition are unaffectionately tempered with, may degenerate into crisis.

However, a child is abuse if a recent act or failure to act on the part of a exploitation or any act or failure to act which involves imminent risk of serious harm (Khatric 2004).

Child abuse refers simply to the maltreatment of the child, hardly does a day pass by without a news report of a child who has been maltreated, battered, sexually harassed, neglected or abandoned by people who were suppose to look after them. Child abuse in Nigeria has a kind of institutionalized posture not until recently, when many writers, commentators and scholars have drawn the attention of the government and the general public to the incidence of child abuse. The persistence of child abuse has been attributed to some conditions that seems inevitable, and these conditions make families to fail in their duty to the child which include to ensure growth, to give right scope for emotional development and to preserve the art of parenthood as well as to teach behavior. With the alteration of society by rapid socio-economic and political changes various forms of child abuse have been identified, particularly in the rural areas such as in Biase Local Government Area, where the is increase in child labour and exploitation of children.          

Child abuse has been the cause of poor academic performances of S.S.1. Students in Biase Local Government Area. And this has constituted a serious problem which has becomes a cause for concerned to most people in different ways; it frustrates both the students and the teachers.

Teacher’s frustration stems from the very fact that students are not responsive enough in their lessons and yet both students and parents blame teachers for student’s poor performances. The teachers blame the students of lack of concentration and extra time to read at home. They also blame parents for failing to lay the right foundation on their children education.

Although this project will focus on the effect of child abuse on the academic performance of students in Biase Local Government Area of cross river state, The phenomenon by no means peculiar to Biase only, most urban and rural area have a share in child abuse and how it’s affects academic performance of senior secondary one [ S.S.1.] student.  

1.2     THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

The theoretical background this study is very necessary, for scientific analysis and understand of a social problem a model for exploration is necessary. Therefore, there are various theories through which the incidence of child abuse can be explained namely; social learning theory, social cultural theories and type of cognitive development and instrumental conditioning.

I)    SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY

  Albert Bandura is know has the originator of the social learning the in 1973, the foundation or the assumption of the theory is that, people learn within a social context, it is facilitated through concepts such as modeling and observational learning. People especially children, learn from the environment and seek acceptance from society by learning through influential models.

It is a theory with social behaviour (i.e. any type of behaviour that we display socially) is learned primarily by observing and imitating the actions of others, the social behaviour is also influenced by being rewarded and/or punished for these actions.

According to Albert, observational learning can occur in relation to three models. 

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THE EFFECT OF STEREOTYPING IN THE STUDY OF MATHEMATICS IN BEKWARRA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF CROSS RIVER STATE

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1      Background of the study

Suffice it to say that stereotyping is a malignant force ravaging students’ interest in mathematics, thereby making them develop a negative attitude towards the subject without envisaging the aftermath effect. The effect of stereotyping in the study of mathematics is so obvious and catastrophic that it cannot be over emphasized. The misconceptions people have regarding the complexity of mathematics and its concomitant dissemination creates a mental image of inferiority and inability in the students which consequently affects their performance in mathematics. Hence the popular dictum by Mahatma Gandhi “a man is but the product of his thoughts, what he thinks, he becomes”.

Most often in life, students are being carried away by what people think and say about them. They tend to act in a way that is consistent to how they are being stereotyped. Sequel to this, their thoughts feelings and actions are affected thus resulting to a shift in focus as a result of the negative stereotype held against them. Inzlincht reporting his observations said: “people perform poorly in situations where they feel they are being stereotyped” (Nauert 2010). That is, actions are commensurate with believes.

Steele and Aronson (1995) demonstrated that stereotype threat hinders intellectual performance of students who are being stereotyped. Experience has shown that some students who perform below expectation are only limited by their feeling of inferiority complex and also the stereotype others hold against them. In every class, some students are seen to be very brilliant while others are seen to be dull. But in reality, every body has the innate ability to perform certain task. As a result of the stereotype held against some members of the class, they relent in their effort to step up their performance on the simple misconception that mathematics is not meant for them. This misconception prompts students to undermine their innate abilities, thus resulting in weak performance.

It is worthy of note that some students perform below average, simply on the ground of their geographical location. Just like it is commonly believed that man is a product of his environment, most students are of the opinion that mathematics is meant for a particular race, tribe or ethnic group which in turn, hinders their performance in mathematics.               

Nauert (2010) pointed out that when a group of people are being labeled in a negative manner, it has a lasting detrimental effect on those who experience the prejudice. This group of people may be a particular race, tribe, town, village, ethnic group etc. Whatever the group maybe, once they experience stereotyping or they feel they are being stereotyped, it is bound to leave a lasting detrimental effect on them, as far as corrective measures are not put in place.

Nwachukwu (2007) noted that the confusion students face when it comes to making the right occupational choice in most cases is highly traumatic at any point, especially at the senior secondary level. This is not supposed to be the case in situations where students are being guided on the right choice of occupation. Teachers are supposed to use their knowledge of psychological concepts to improve upon teaching and learning and also guide students in their career choice. But unfortunately, this is often not the case (Chew 2005, 2007). Most students in secondary school choose their career such that mathematics is excluded while others do not develop interest in mathematics with the notion that they will not encounter mathematics in their future career. Such students, when they gain admission to the higher institution and unfortunately find themselves in another faculty different from faculty of law and faculty of arts, feel confused and frustrated when they encounter the preliminary mathematics offered by these other faculties.

The likelihood that the female students will be able to compete adequately and favourably with their male counterparts in any mathematics test is highly negligible. The chances of high and optimum performance is often preferential in favour of the males. This is in line with the research by Obioma and Ohuche (1980), in which case they found a significant effect of sex in favour of males. A contrary finding by Ekwueme and Umoinyang (2005) revealed that girls have more positive attitude towards mathematics hence leading to a more successful study and a better performance than the boys. While Inyang in 2004 found that there is no significant difference in the performance of the students bearing in mind the different sexes.

The above claims, some of which are contrary to the others necessitated the adventure into this research project. That is, to determine the effect of stereotyping in the study of mathematics in Bekwarra Local Government Area of Cross River State.

1.2      Theoretical framework         

The following are considered under theoretical framework:

Michael Inzlincht – Long-term effect of stereotyping

Claude steele      -  Effect of racial stereotyping

Eric Erikson        -  Theory of psychosocial development  

Michael Inzlincht is an associate professor of psychology at the University of Toronto. His research interest is on stigmatization, prejudice and discrimination. The aim of his research according to him, was to “look at what happens afterwards. Are there lingering effects of prejudice? Does being stereotyped have an impact beyond the moment when stereotyping happens?” In this first experiment, the participants were placed in a situation where they had to perform a task in the face of negative stereotype. After removing them from the prejudicial situation, the result of the observation showed that prejudices and stereotyping have lingering adverse impacts. Even after people leave a situation where they face negative stereotypes, the effects of coping with that situation remains.

        In another section of the study, Inzlincht the leader of the research team said they told the women that “the test” would determine whether or not they were capable and smart in mathematics, subtly injecting stereotypes about women and mathematics into the air”.

        A separate group of women wrote the same test, but were given the necessary coping strategies and support to deal with the stress involved. After this, the two groups of women performed other tasks. “In this follow-up test, the women who felt discriminated against ate more than their peers in the control group, showed more hostility than the control group and performed more poorly on tests that measured their cognitive ability”.

        This in reality is most often the situation. Whenever people are being stereotyped, they are bound to perform poorly irrespective of the domain that is being measured. In most situations, the effect of stereotyping may still be experienced a long time after the stereotype situation is over. “These lingering effects hurt people in a very real way, leaving them at a disadvantage. Even many steps removed from a prejudicial situation, people are carrying around this baggage that negatively impacts their lives”.

Claude Steele was born January 1, 1946 in Chicago. He had his B.A in 1967 at Hiram College (Hiram OH). He obtained his M.A. in 1969 in Ohio State University and Ph.D in 1971.

        Claude Steele and his Colleague Joshua Aronson in early 1990s performed the first experiment to demonstrate the effect of stereotype threat on intellectual performance. In their study, they had two groups of students: the African-American and the European- American students take the graduate record examination. The African-American students in their examination performed below average.

        In another experiment, Steele and Aronson made the students believed that the test was not meant to measure their ability. This second experiment reduced the achievement gap between the two groups of students. This made Steele and Aronson came to the conclusion that changing the test situation such that students do not feel the effect of stereotyping can reduce the achievement gap caused as a result of the stereotyping.

        To sum it, what Steele and Aronson were trying to experiment is that stereotyping is situational. Students confirm the negative stereotype when it is framed such that it affects their group. For students to be able to overcome the effect of stereotyping, they should understand how they are being stereotyped, when they are being stereotyped and should cause people to stereotype them in the positive direction. 

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PUPILS PERCEPTION OF TEACHERS’ EFFECTIVENESS AND THEIR ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE IN CHRISTIAN RELIGIOUS EDUCATION:

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1     Background to the study    

In a host of factors that determine the work in the classroom, the teacher occupies a central position. The teacher is said to be the engineer who implements pedagogical and administrative plans, and his behaviors set the structural mode of classroom interaction.

The atmosphere of interpersonal relationships in the classroom is crucially important in its effects on the child’s learning and adjustment, and serves as the backdrop for maximum use of his abilities. The inter-personal dynamics of classroom is a means of enhancing the pupil’s learning and his social and emotional adjustment. This is expected to be achieved by the teacher who is held in great esteem because of his role in the society as a molder of character, a builder and architect of academic achievement. He is expected to uncultured the child in a manner that he will be able to fit into the society in any given capacity. Above all, he is expected to train the child in a manner that he will be able to be an embodiment of the National Policy on education of any country. The Government, educationist, and parent seriously view the teacher in the teaching/learning process as the pilot of affairs in the classroom. His role as seen through the eyes of these fellows to a greater extent either mars or promotes learning outcomes. It is this factor that has necessitated this research into the way pupil’s perceive their teacher as being effective and how such effectiveness influences their academic performance in Christian religious education.

1.2     Theoretical framework

In this research, the basic theoretical background underlying the study is discussed as follows.   

MASLOW’S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS THEORY.

This theory was propounded by Abraham Maslow in 1954, Maslow believes that pupils have certain inborn needs which they strike to fulfill. He describes pupil’s needs in biological terms. To Maslow, every need arises from an imbalance or disequilibrium between what human nature deems necessary for the health of a person, and what a pupil’s environment provides. He proposes five types of pupil’s needs in a hierarchy which reflects the Maslow believes that lower order needs must be satisfied before the higher order needs can be met. For example, physiological needs must be satisfied before safety needs and so on relevant to your work should be stated.

1.3     Statement of the problem

Before now, researchers were more involved in looking at the classroom setting, following a pattern known as “process product” research. Such research studies focuses on carefully defined teacher instructional behaviors and how these behaviors correlated with achievement to ‘direct instruction’ which is a general concept that emphasize academic focus, pupil engaged time on task and careful teacher’s monitoring of pupil’s responses.

Presently, according to Brophy, (1979) and Duffy 1983, the emphasis is on the time allocated to instruction and efficient classroom management to enhance pupil’s use of such time. Hence, classroom management skills and the ability to keep pupils engaged provides a crucial foundation of effectiveness in teaching and also explicit explanation of what is being taught.

Clarity with which the teacher instructs his pupils on how to do a task, the teachers elaboration which involves the teacher monitoring of pupils cognitive processes during the task, and finally, the teachers expectation  of what is likely to be the outcome of his/her instruction combined to contribute to the effective in teaching. The above condition is given credence by Tolby (1975), who position that the social psychological needs of the pupils are considered as the inner states that affect the perception of teachers. This means that pupils focuses on the need related aspects of the perceptual situation and bases.

His judgement on those areas of the teachers’. Performance most relevant to his own needs. It is in the light of the above, that this research is set to investigate the relationship between pupil’s perception of the teacher’s effectiveness and pupil’s academic performance in a standardized Christina Religious Education Examination.

1.1     Purpose of the study

The major purpose of this study is to find out by administering questionnaire more about the pupil’s and their perception in teachers effectiveness. Specifically is to find out:

1.    Teaching skills of teachers effectiveness and academic performance in Christian Religious Education.           

2     Organizing Ability of teachers effectiveness and academic performance in Christian Religious Education.

3.    Sense of humour of teachers effectiveness and academic performance in Christian Religious Education.

4.    Charity of communication of teachers effectiveness and academic performance in Christian Religious Education.

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NATURE OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES IN ACADENIC LIBRARIES

INTRODUCTION

       The advent of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) turned the world into a global village. The result being that the ways and means of packaging and delivering information changed. Information users desire a wave of service different from the traditional paper based service. This new wave of ICT has affected university libraries as an information provider in the university. The academic library struggles to maintain its credibility in the provision of the library materials for research, teaching and learning through the acceptance and use of information and communication technology (ICT) (Anunobi, 2005). According to Okore (2005), ICT has thus, by the convergence of IT and Telecom, immensely improved services in industries, administration, management, education and other services. For libraries worldwide, ICT has changed the scope, pace, range as well as the procedure of information service delivery, storage and retrieval. It enables information to be stored, retrieved, communicated and broadcast electronically in enormous quantities and at phenomenal speed. It also allows information to be arranged, selected, marshaled and transferred. In the developed world, information communication technology is used to improve the quality of life. However, the developing countries are realizing the implication of the digital divide (the divide between those with access to new information technology and those without) and are now trying to adopt the new technologies as necessary for the proper functioning of such institutions such as banks, broadcasting houses, industries, schools, libraries, etc. Anyakoha (2005), pointed out that the ICT revolution is sweeping through the world. The gale has even caught up with the developing countries like Nigeria. Every individual, every facet of the society and every profession are striving to ride on the crest. The library and information service has also felt the bandwagon effect and are being enriched by the enormous dividends of this revolution. 

Definition of Concepts: Some concepts that need to be clearly defined in this work include Information and Communication Technology (ICT), and academic libraries.

ICT: Anyakoha (2005) defined Information and Communication Technology (ICT) as the electronic means of capturing, processing, storing, and disseminating information. ICT is often used interchangeably with Information Technology (IT) which is defined as the group of technologies that is revolutionizing the handling of information and embodies a convergence of interest between electronic, computing and communication. According to Achebe (2005), ICT can be defined as the type of technology that links the computer to the global telecommunications network to make it possible for users to acquire process, compare, store and disseminate oral, printed and pictorial information. In effect, ICT embraces all the technologies that enable the handing of information and facilitate different forms of communication between man and electronic systems, and among diverse electronic system such as radio, TV, cellular phones, computer networks and satellite systems. Anyaogu (2007) also defined ICT as a term created to refer to the amalgam of computing and telecommunications technologies, including of course the internet, which are the matrix with which information and digital media are created distributed and accessed. ICT is the electronic means of capturing, processing, storing and communicating information. It has four elements namely: Information technology, Information systems, environment of institutions, and environment of influencing factors. ICT encompasses an array of hardware, software, businesses, services and networks that enable access to online technology.

Academic Libraries: Omekwu and Ugwuanyi (2009) defined academic libraries as libraries established in universities (public and private), Colleges of Education, Polytechnics and Monotechnics. Their collection is tailored towards achievement of the institution’s goals of teaching, learning and research. They serve the students, lecturers, administrative members of the academic communities as well as others. Ode and Omokaro (2007) defined academic libraries as those libraries established, owned and funded by university, which they are part of. As an integral part of the institutions which they serve, they design their collections and services to meet the instructional programme of that particular institution. According to Edoika (2000), academic libraries exist in institutions of higher education such as universities, colleges of education, colleges of technology and polytechnics.

Origin of application of ICT in academic libraries in Enugu metropolis: According to Ude (2006), the current network of libraries in the state are expected to have linked up with the Internet. Libraries are also expected to upload their materials to the Internet- a network of computers, each storing myriads of digitized information that could be shared with others to the benefit of everyone. However, the general impression today is that ICT is a new comer in the education industry of present Enugu State. Most schools do not have computers, most teachers do not even know what the computer is and how it looks and what it can be used for. Of similar token most librarians, if they have seen a computer, have not used it to carry out library work. It is therefore advisable for the people in Education and Information industries in the state to work harder to bridge the gap. Uzoigwe (2004) pointed out that libraries of University of Nigeria, Nsukka, University of Port –Harcourt, Federal University of Technology, Akure, University of Ibadan and Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife, are partially automated as not all the services are automated (i.e as at 2004). According to Anyakoha (2005), it has been reported that e-learning recently established at UNN will achieve the following objectives among others; an on-line common room where registered students can log into and have access to a wide range of privileges, on-line application for prospective students and registration by currently enrolled students, and of course easy access to the Internet. With the aid of ICT, a virtual library project has since been established in Enugu metropolis for university libraries.  This is expected to improve the teaching and learning and research activities in institutions of higher learning. The first phase of the project covers above 11 sites located within some federal universities of which UNN is a beneficiary.

ICT Resources: Some examples of ICT resources or facilities as pointed out by Anaeme (2004) include the following:

i)     The keyboard: This is an input system computer

ii)    The Mouse is a device used along with the keyboard for pointing, selecting points of operation and for drawing. Movements on the screen of the computer are achieved with the mouse and cursor keys.

iii)   The monitor or screen is an output device that displays the operation being performed in the computer system on the screen before printing out a hard copy or sending it out as e-mail or Internet message.              

iv)   The printer is connected to the computer through which hard copies of the processed data or information are printed out.

v)    Facsimile Transmission (FAX) – A fax machine looks like 

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FINAL YEAR PROJECTS: THE ROLE OF AUDITORS IN THE NIGERIA BANKING INDUST...

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