THE ADMINISTRATION OF FISCAL POLICY AND ATTAINMENT OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT OBJECTIVES

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1         Background to the study  

Primarily, federalism presupposes that the national and states/regional governments should stand to each other in a relation of meaningful autonomy resting upon a balance division of powers and resources. Each state or region must have power and resources sufficient to support the structure of a functioning government, able to stand and compete on its own against the other. It is in a sense, the system of transfer payments or grants by which a federal government shares its revenues with lower levels of power to enforce national rules and standards. In other types of political structure it is known as intergovernmental fiscal relations. Sometimes, both terms are used interchangeably.

       Conceptually, fiscal operations of any economy can be viewed from two extreme forms of public sector. On one hand, there exists a highly decentralized fiscal structure/system in which the government at the centre has no economic responsibilities. The other tiers of government perform virtually all economic functions. The other extreme is case of total centralization where the central government takes total responsibility for economic activities of the public sector and therefore no tiers of government participates in the economic life of the nation. In practice, there exist some degrees of decentralization in all economics. Decentralization here refers to the portion of total revenue collected and expenditures allocated to both state and local governments. The degree of decentralization is the extent of independent decision-making by the various arms of the government in the provision of social and economic services. It connotes the degree of autonomy of state and local government in carrying out various economic tasks.

       Nigeria has operated the three-tier structure of government for many years. The determination of appropriate fiscal jurisdiction and inter-tier distribution of the nation’s revenue within the existing structure has witnessed considerable controversy and conflict, which remains unresolved till date. Nigeria’s fiscal policy system is exceptional in its degree of centralization of power and access to the resources and wealth of the nation. As rightly observed by Philips (1997), the fiscal policy/system tends to be synonymous with that of a unitary government where inter-tier revenue allocation follows a unidirectional process from top to bottom. The system is beset with widespread imbalance both vertically and horizontally. In a federation, vertical fiscal imbalance refers to the mismatch between revenue means and expenditure need at various levels.

       Till date, fiscal operations in Nigeria have tended to undermine the autonomy of lower tiers of government and have adversely affected the attainment of their objective. For instance, in view of the erosion of fiscal autonomy at the state level, it has now become a herculean task for many state to pay their workers as and when due. And the much expected improvement in economic and physical developments remains elusive. Many states have abandoned their hope of financing the development projects to the Petroleum (Special) Trust Fund (PTF) and Federal Road maintenance Agency (FERMA), which in the last few years have assumed a central position in providing physical, social and institutional infrastructure as well as several other services in virtually all sectors of the Nigerian economy.

       At this level, the pertinent question to asker here is: why should state government go through this indirect way to seek fund which they ought to legitimately and directly obtain from the federation account? The proliferation of special funds is diversionary, political motivated and detracts from the capability of government to perform its responsibilities within existing administrative structure. Through this revenue allocation procedure, the federal government has widened the scope of its activities by getting involved in the provision of virtually everything. Despite this level of involvement, there seems to be a very low level of federal government presence even at the grassroots level. Lower tiers of government consider such involvement as a usurpation of power, and the people seem to have derived little direct benefit from it. There is a general feeling that resources are being distributed inequitably within the federation and the impact of fiscal federalism is far from being fully satisfactory (Antai, 1999).

With the current situation there is risk that Nigeria may not continue as quasi-federal country, but as a complete federal state with the full autonomy for the regions. According to Wheare (1946) “Federal Government is an association of states, which has been formed for certain common purposes, but in which the member states retain a large measure of their original independence.” Under the current federal government in Nigeria, all power is centralized, and the states or regions do not have any control over their resources. This problem has been provoked by a number of factors, including ‘over dependence’ on statutory allocations from both the state and federal governments, deliberate tax evasion by the local citizenry, creation of non-viable local government areas, differences in the status of local government in terms of the rural-urban dimension, and inadequate revenue and restricted fiscal jurisdiction.

       Nigeria’s economic development, apolitical stability, security and peace depend on extending the freedom, benefits and choice of autonomy to each ethnic nationality within the country. For the financially healthy and function must be allocated in accordance with their taxing power and ability to generate funds internally. The constitutional provision that recognises local government’s power in this regard must give them full freedom to operate and this must be well guaranteed and adequately protected. These measure, coupled with a review of the revenue sharing formula, the granting of fiscal autonomy and fiscal discipline as well as making local governments free from the strengthened by the 1999 constitution. Stressing these points and the appropriate strategy to be adopted form the focus of this project.       

1.2          Statement of problem

Our daily observation and experience show that though the local government system was made to

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THE IMPACT OF CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE. A CASE STUDY OF DANGOTE PLC, CALABAR

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION

1.1   Background to the study

The concept of corporate social responsibility has generated interest among a large spectrum of people. Organisation is the creation of society whose survival depends on the very society. The society in turn apparently seems to impose certain responsibility on business organisation to discharge.

Corporate social responsibility is an important area of corporate policy formulation. The business environment as we have seen is constantly changing and significant changes introduces new dimension in the formulation and implementation of strategic policy. The recent changes in the business social-political environment deem the business or modern corporation to- respond and report on social performance. Corporate social responsibility is seriously considering the impact of the company action on society. Social responsibility is an ethical ideology or theory that an entity be it an organisation or individuals has an obligation or individual has an obligation to act to benefit society at large. Social responsibility is a duty every individual organisation has to perform so as to maintain balance between the economic and ecosystem. A trade-off exists between economic developments, in material sense welfare of society.

Kaliski (2001). For instance, if a company follows United State Environmental Protection agency guidelines for emission on dangerous pollutant and even gas. An extra step is involve in the community and address those concern that public might have; they may less likely to have environmental protection agency investigating them for environmental concern. A significant element of current thinking about privacy however, stresses “self regulation” rather than market or government mechanism for protecting personal information. Sulire (1997) according to some expert, most rules and regulations are formed due to public outcry which threaten profit maximization and therefore the well-being of the shareholder, and that if there is no outcry there will be limited regulation.

Dangote group of companies is privately owned company that undertakes manufacturing function in Nigeria. The company has some challenges such as the negative policies of the organisations to respond to social issues, lack of finance. It was on basis of these problems that prompted the researcher to embark on this study in order to suggest solution to management of Dangote Plc, Calabar.

1.2   Statement of the problem               

Corporate responsibility is the basis for survival of modern corporate organisation. Indeed industrial leaders are careless about social issue and its effect on the operational environment. However, for some years now it appears that the impact of corporate social responsibility in Dangote group of company as been distorted due to

 

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FACTORS INFLUENCING THE LEARNING OF FRENCH LANGUAGE

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1   Background of the study

         While the learning and use of English Language was compulsory for Nigerians because of their colonization by the British government, the teaching and learning of French was not significant in Nigeria. The French government was not encouraged by the British because of their economic interest in Nigeria. However, today, in Nigeria French is actually rivaled by English as the international language of trade, diplomacy and science.

         Nigeria shares it borders with francophone countries namely; Chad, Niger Republic, Republic of Benin and Cameroun. No wonder in 1996, the late General Sanni Abacha, the former Head of State of Nigeria in Ouagadougou declared the new status of French as the nation’s second official language. French as a modern language is spoken, written and used like other modern languages of the world in the country. Therefore, for Nigerians to interact effectively with francophone countries locally or internationally, they need to be able not only to speak the language fluently but also be able to attend international seminars and conferences without much problems.

         For these reasons, French has not only assumed the status of an official language, but has also become a core subject in secondary school curriculum. It is so important that a ‘credit pass’ is required for those intending to study French in the country’s universities and other higher institutions of learning. Despite the fact that French Language has been made an official language and has been introduced as a subject in the curriculum, learners in Nigeria still find it difficult to have even a ‘pass’. Ayodele (1983) postulates that it is among the greatest stumbling blocks for most Nigerian learners to study the subject in universities because the failure rate is very high. It is this ugly phenomenon influencing the learning of French Language that is the propelling force for this research.

         These factors influencing the learning of French Language have been a persistent problem in Yala Local Government Area of Cross River State over the years. The cumulative effect of this is that it is not only causing concern for government and parents who, all the time spend a lot to correct this anomaly, but also the students who being denied admissions into the country’s higher institutions of learning, as well as securing some administrative and secretariat works that demand a good command of the language.

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INTERVIEW TECHNIQUES (#1,000)

AN EVALUATION OF CONSUMERS’ ATTITUDES TO MASS MEDIA ADVERTISEMENT IN CALABAR

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1  Background of the study

In the area before our colony, scale business as well as the town (cities or villages) interacts between and among themselves. Local training activities including faming, buying and selling of goods and treasure-Gold, Silva, Diamond etc. was the order of then day, such as, proximity and technology in terms of advertisement was considerably low. However, when the need for convergence of message arises a town carrier moves in and out of village hitting the going (ring the bell) with the message that every village member should gather at a particular place usually the market square for an information either from the king 1 ”Oba” or Obong being the paramount ruler of that community. This medium was rightly effective and efficient, because it was quite yielding. The response of the village members can be compared tom our research joins our “consumer attitude to mass media advertisement”. As dynamic as the society is consumer attitude can be viewed effectively considering individual group of firms and business and the state at large. Culture, human psychology, Religion believe and exposure as well as human factor acts as  elemental tools that helps to portray consumer’s attitude of advertisement mass media. The features though inherent and hidden must be set in the context of other major elements product policy, price determinant, distribution pattern and person selling, will which the firms attempts to satisfy the need of the market at a profit to itself. Thus, for firms to survive in this 21 century, they must be production to the extent that they must be participated changes in the market place prepared for them and move along with them into the future.  Etuk maintained that the success of any firm is rooted in the market place (1999 pg.2). Realizing this firms would post consumers as regards product availability, product innovation and new products through creating of impression which makes consumers and potential consumers to either buy, adopt the products etc. (forming attitudes could be favourable attitude). Engel et al. are of the opinion that the ability of advertising to create favourable attitude towards a product may often be dependent upon the consumer’s attitude regarding the advertisement itself. Though he also observed that some unlike advertisement could be effective. (1993. Pg476). In conforming to the above statements, a marketing driven firm must be able to appreciate their target markets. If they should have favourable attitudes toward their product or services. According to Bauer and Arens, advertising has come a long way becoming powerful device that announces the availability and location of the products in form of the value and quality and even associates the ego of people who buy the brands (1992 pg 25) ideally, advertisement is a form of communication with sponsor identified. However its relation to other forms of communication must be investigated for example, advertising of consumer goods must be viewed in light of or not house wives will talk to each other about the products for industrial products, the role of advertising in communicating awareness of the company and the product must be judged against the cost and the ability of these salesman further, the synergetic affects of a combined advertising considered. Attitudes on the other hand are expression of inner feelings that reflect whether a person is favourably or unfavorably responding to the output. It is further an expression of the mind –measurable through the tenet of appreciation by a consumer of that product or potential intending  consumer for example our country Nigeria may not be able to communicate through advertising messages as easy as we think due to the limitation of unlike culture.   Not that people in the Oron L.G.A. of Akwa Ibom state have a strong linking for the colour “Red” sequel to this, the city of Calabar is also unique as regards her attitude towards advertising messages. Suffice to say, that little or nothing to the best of my knowledge has been done to unveil b or analyze the plug in the wheel of advertising with particular references to Calabar. Therefore, allowing foggy nations to be regarded as messages, advertising reduce around it. 

1.2 Statement of the problem

Hung considered advertising as a marketing of activity that tends to satisfy the needs of consumers, business firm and the government. This expectation might be neglected owed to the fact that the degree of responsiveness by these elements of research is dynamic based on certain factors such as finance on reputation or goodwill of the firm as well as the society or state who buy using the product can easily influence the consuming attitude of other users. This study attempts to give an analysis of what orientation the Calabar consumers have in relation to advertising messages and how such could be re-shaped. As well as reductions that that could after better insight into building positive attitude towards advertising messages. One of such deductions brothers on educational attainment, it has been obvious that the standards of state in Nigeria. To this end, students of either level of academic strata (primary, secondary, tertiary etc.) perform lower than expectation.   According top Dum et al (i.e. and others as quoted by Boone and KUFLZ 1992: 564) Newspaper and television are the tending media. Thus, it is likely to be given attention. In Calabar the reverse is the case such that the local television station appears to be non-functional except for now when they are picking up (the Cross River Broadcasting co-operation (C.R.B.C.) Television had been able to liars with (A.I.T.) African Independent Television Lagos and (SBS) South Africa Broadcasting Station to beam and educate his viewers and listeners about messages within the local frontiers and the international community. That implies that the attempt of advertising messages gets its dependence upon uniqueness and exclusivity rather than the medium conveying the messages. the dependent variable-attitude, the independent variable-advertising messages.

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THE INFLUENCE OF JUVENILE DELINQUENCY ON THE ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1         Background to the study

       In contemporary time, it appears that deviant behaviours have taken over the accepted norms of the society. Juvenile delinquency refers to delinquent and criminal behaviours among young people as they negotiate he transition from childhood to adulthood in an increasingly complex and confusion world. Although the issue of juvenile delinquency is an age long problem, it seems that juvenile delinquency of the past cannot be compared with that of the present era. It is more now as a result of evolutionary changes in all aspect of life.

       The antisocial behaviours often associated with the juvenile delinquents include vandalism, drug abuse, weapon carrying, alcohol abuse, rape, examination malpractices, school violence, bullying, cultism, truancy, schooling dropouts, to mention but a few. Deviant behaviours is not only common among the male adolescents, female adolescents are also involved. Due to some of these acts, most youths involved dropout of school and take to the streets. Some becomes motor park touts, while other especially the girls take to a particular trade or prostitution. All these are because they can no longer cope with their academics in school. Obviously, unless something is done to rollback the wave of juvenile delinquency and its influence on the academic performance in Senior Secondary Two (SS 2). The prospect of a better safer and prosperous society emerging in Nigeria will remain elusive. 

       The society has been fighting seriously and making them better leaders of tomorrow but it cannot be overruled that these delinquent acts by adolescents are caused mainly by broken homes, peer group, poor socioeconomic background, violent films, etc. Deviant behaviour can be said to be deviation from norms in which behaviour is placed in a disapproval direction in sufficient degree, that exceed the tolerance limit of a particular community, this essentially constitutes delinquency.

       According to Chambers English Dictionary (1990), juvenile delinquency is seen to be omission of duties, crimes committed by young people. Also Clinard of the University of Wisconsin, in his book “Sociology of deviant behaviour” defined juvenile delinquency to be antisocial acts committed by persons under certain age usually sixteen (16) to eighteen (18) which are considered to be injurious to the person or to the society as a whole.

       These acts of juvenile include not only those which would be crimes if committed by adults but many other offences which are particularly juvenile such as truancy, incorrigibility and vandalism. Since the society have standard of conduct that must be met by their members personally, I see juvenile delinquency as mainly an act of indiscipline by youths. This is a willful violation of societal norms or rejection of institutional norms or societal ethics. Morrish (1978) describes indiscipline as lack of self control and a rejection of the expected standards, behavioural deviations and consequent breach of order which paralyses effective academic performance.  

       Lots of research findings have been carried out by scholars into the cause of juvenile delinquency and suggestions on how to tackle it as a precipitating factor that affect academic performance in secondary schools. The most outstanding is delinquent/indiscipline attitude of students towards studies, teachers, parents, elders and the society in general and based on this there is a result of poor academic performance in our schools.

       In view of the attendant problems of juvenile delinquency which results to poor academic performance in our schools among youths, the need to conduct this research study in Calabar Township is imperative.

1.2         Theoretical framework           

Social cognitive theory

       Social cognitive theory (SCT) refers to a psychological model of behaviour that emerged primarily from the work of Albert Bandura (1977-1986). Initially developed with emphasis that learning occurs in a social context, and that much of what is learned is gained through observation. Social cognitive theory has been applied broadly to such diverse areas of human functioning as career choice organisational behaviour, athletics and mental and physical health. Social cognitive theory also has been applied extensively by those interested in understanding motivation, learning and achievement (Pajares, 1996; Schuuk and Zimmerman, 1994; 1998).

       Social cognitive theory rest on several basic assumptions about learning and behaviour. One assumption concern triadic reciprocality or the view that personal behavioural and environmental factors influence one another, a bidirectional and reciprocal fashioning is a product of a continuous interaction between cognitive behavioural and contextual factors. For instance, classroom learning is shaped by factors within academic environment experienced by oneself and by another. At the time learning is affected by student’s own thoughts and self belief and their interpretation of the classroom context.

       A closely related assumption within social cognitive theory is that people have an agency or ability to influence their own behaviour and the environment in a purposeful, good-directed fashion (Bandura, 2001). This belief conflicts with earlier form of behaviourism that advocated a more rigorous form of environment determinism. Social cognitive theory does not deny the importance of the environment in determining behaviour, but it does argue that people can also, through forethought self-reflection and self-regulatory processes, exert substantial influence over their own outcomes and the environment more broadly.

       A third assumption within social cognitive theory is that learning can occur without an immediate change in behaviour or more broadly that learning the demonstration of what has been learned and distinct processes. One reason for this separation is that social cognitive theory also assumes that learning involves not just the acquisition of new behaviour, but also that of knowledge and cognitive skills, concepts, abstract rules, values and other cognitive constructs. This division of learning and behaviour is a shift from the position advocated by behavioural theories that students can learn but not demonstrate the learning until motivated to do so.

       This theory emphasizes cognitive compression as the cornerstone of adolescent behaviour. The adolescents here acquires the mental activity to deal with the world around him, with this developed mental capacity, he perceives and examines his environment, form ideas and make inferences. The basic explanation of deviant behaviour or delinquency is on mentality. Jean Piaget brought about the stage concept of cognitive development, when people go through series of moral stages beginning early in childhood and continuing through the adult years. Each stage of development assumes a relatively a variant order in the course of development. Also each stage is marked by a different view of right and wrong.

       In the view of positive attitude in learning gearing towards having interest more on the main purpose of education which has been observed.......

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TECHNOLOGICAL LEGAL DIMENSION OF PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT AND MARKETING

ABSTRACT

This research work was to examine the technological and legal dimension of product development and marketing. Data was collected from a set of questionnaire administered with 33 government workers (civil servants) and 25 students then 172 businessmen and women were respondents in technological and legal dimension of product development and marketing. Three hypotheses were proposed and tested using Pearson product Moment Correlation Analysis. The result of the statistical analysis revealed that there is significant difference in perception between goods produced with foreign advanced equipments and goods produced with locally made machines. In the suggestion of this findings, it was recommended among other things that our young producing firms should always try to go for training on how to build these sophisticated machines and to equally transfer such machines to Nigeria to boost the economy.                     

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1  Background of the study

It is generally accepted that technology and legal dimensions play a pivotal role in the development and marketing of new products. As such, there is need to look for possible ways advancing more in technological building and proper adoption and using of the modern technology and the production processes of our home industries. While this is done, there are basic elements that seen to pose some hindrances and difficulties in the quest to acquire this basic technological skills, and in effect, this tends to limit the rapid growth our production industries.

On the other hand, the legal aspect and provisions which applies to new product development equally have some challenging issues concerning this process, ranging from the very initiative stage of product development to the final level of commercialization.

Key challenges that producers face from the technical and legal requirements of new products development and marketing that I wish to undertake this study to critically investigate and asses the immediate causes of this key problems and to confer lasting solutions to this limitations that technology and legal provisions given to producing companies in the country. This intends to do by carefully studying the role of technology and legal dimensions in the course of product development and marketing, it is pertinent to adequately understand the importance of these factors in the process of production in order to be able to do proper a comprehensive.......

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THE EFFECT OF CONTROL MEASURE ON QUALITY PRODUCTS IN SYSTEM METAL COMPANY LIMITED, CALABAR

ABSTRACT

The study investigated the effect of control measure on the quality products in System Metal Company Limited, Calabar. The survey design was adopted in the gathering data for this study. Data were collected from both primary and secondary sources. This was from questionnaire and personal interviews and the secondary data were gotten from journals, textbooks, Internet, etc. in the course of carrying out this study, three hypotheses were formulated and tested to verify the validity of data collected. And the findings obtained in the course of carrying out this discovered that effective control measures can significantly affect the quality of product in System Metal Company Limited, Calabar. It was also revealed that lack of training of production staff can lead to poor product quality. Sequel to these findings, recommendations was made; the organization should ensure that effective control of product quality is being established in the most efficient manner in order to facilitate increased customer's loyalty and high level of returns on investment.

                                         CHAPTER ONE 

INTRODUCTION

1.1   Background to the study

        Monitoring performance and comparing actual performance with pre-determined standard is one of the managerial tools in an organization. Managerial control is effective when standards are established for the variables that are to be controlled, when information is available to measure the established standards, and when managers can take corrective action whenever the variable deviates from it desired state or standard. 

         Standards are the criteria against which future, current or past actions are compared. They are measured in a variety of ways including physical, monetary, quantitative and qualitative terms. Managers must provide information that report actual performance against standards. Such information is most easily acquired for activities that produce specific and concrete result.

         Every business today wants to have quality products and services that are better than average, perform to the level needed, and are affordable. Effective control therefore, involves the implementation of methods that provides answers to the three basic questions: what are the planned and expected results? By what means can actual result be compared to planned result? What corrective action is appropriate?

1.2   Statement of the problem      

         Increased attention has been paid to effective control measures as an important determinant of the quality of products or services in any organization. For the set of goals and objectives of any establishment to be attained, an adequate quality control measure must be put in place. Most organizations have failed to realize this fact, and because of this, they have faulted in their operation. 

         In the course of carrying out this study, it was discovered that most organizations have failed to realize that appropriate control measure is not just to identify or flay those factors that could directly affect the quality of goods and services, but also to maintain an environment in which all employees are empowered to participate as a team in determining, assuring, measuring and improving the quality of products; lack of adequate profit due to increased cost without a proportionate increase in sales; lack of competent quality control personnel; the inability of project managers and project teams to inspect the accomplished works to ensure its alignment with the project and also the inability of the organization to inculcate budgeting as a basic technique for effective control often resulted or believed to have hindered the availability of quality products in an organisation.

         Based on these, the researcher became interested in conducting a research work on the effect of control measures ion the quality of products in System Metal Company Limited, Calabar.                       

 

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