THE IMPACT OF HUMAN RESOURCES MANAGEMENT AND ITS IMPLICATION ON PRODUCTIVITY IN AN ORGANIZATION

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1            BACKGROUND          OF THE STUDY

Human resource management (HRM) is concerned with the personnel policies and managerial practices and systems that influence the workforce William et al, (1996). Human resource management specialists in the HRM department help organizations with all activities related to staffing and maintaining an effective workforce. According to Collins (2005), major HRM responsibilities include work design and job analysis, training and development, recruiting, compensation, team-building, performance management and appraisal, worker health and safety issues, as well as identifying or developing valid methods for selecting staff. HRM department provides the tools, data and processes that are used by line managers in their human resource management component of their job. “The HRM focus should always be maintaining and, ideally, expanding the customer base while maintaining, and ideally, maximizing profit. HRM has a whole lot to do with this focus regardless of the size of the business, or the products or services you are trying to sell.” HRM is involved in managing the human resources with a focus on expanding customer base that gives profit to the company Sels, (2006).

           "Human resources" (HR) is a term that is used in business to refer to the people who work for a company or organization. This term was coined in the United States during the 1960s, when labor relations became a greater concern for U.S. businesses, and has since spread around the world. The people who make up a company's workforce, its human resources are considered to be an asset to the company, just like its financial resources and material resources, such as buildings, machinery and other equipment. A company is more likely to be successful if it manages its entire resources well, including its people Singh (2004). This is why many companies have human resources departments, even though those departments do not directly contribute to the company's production, services, sales or profits. Rather, effective HR departments allow and encourage the companies' employees to do their best, which in turn contributes to the success of those companies.

       One of the main roles of an HR department is managing current employees. Unlike managers who directly oversee the employees' day-to-day work, the HR department deals with concerns such as benefits, pay, company policies and training. Among the benefits that might be handled by the HR department are insurance plans, paid vacations, paid leave for illnesses and other health matters, pension plans and employee investments Cooke (2000). The HR department also might settle conflicts between employees or between employees and their managers as well as grievances filed against the company by employees.

          Human resources also involve the acquisition of new employees. HR workers might be involved in recruiting potential employees through advertisements or at job fairs Wood (1999). In some cases, the HR department will try to hire certain types of people or at least ensure that certain types of people are employ to improve the diversity of the company's workforce. For example, a company might look for candidates who belong to a certain minority demographic. The HR department often collects and reviews job applications before forwarding those of the best applicants to the appropriate managers in the organization. The hiring process might also include background checks, credit checks and drug testing. After a new employee is hired, the HR department typically provides orientation, including instruction in company policies, and ensures that the employee is properly trained for his or her job.

        A company's HR department also plays a role when an employee leaves the company for any reason. If an employee is fired or otherwise let go against his or her wishes, certain tasks must be performed by the HR department to ensure that the process was done legally. In some cases, severance pay must be offered or negotiated, and outstanding balances of paid vacation time and other benefits must be settled. The HR department might also need to collect all keys or other equipment from the employee and make sure that he or she no longer has access to the company's resources, including computer networks.

      Employee morale is another concern for many human resources departments. An HR department might be responsible for choosing an employee of the month, arranging holiday parties and other get-togethers for employees or otherwise rewarding employees for good performance. The HR department often is concerned with creating a positive, enjoyable work environment. This can improve employees' production and contribute to the rate of turnover among the company's workforce. Human resource management (HRM) is based in the efficient utilization of employees to achieve two main goals within a company or other organization. The first is to effectively make use of the talents and abilities of each employee to meet the operational objectives that are the ultimate aim of the organization. Along with this, the practice also seeks to ensure that individual employees are satisfied with both their working environment and the compensation and benefits that they receive. At times, the two main HRM functions seem to be at odds with one another Huselid (1995). There are certainly instances where it is impossible to arrive at solutions that are in line with both the aims of the company and the desires of the employee. When this happens, effective managers are faced with the task of finding a resolution that protects the interests of the company, but at the same time provides and acceptable level of satisfaction to the employee. This process can sometimes take a great deal of expertise on the part of the human resource personnel, but ultimately can help establish the best solution for all concerned parties.

       Among the human resources issues that are generally handled by HR management personnel are the drafting of position descriptions for all levels of employment within the company, setting the standards and procedures that are used for hiring new employees, and determining benefits that are extended to existing employees. Disciplinary procedures, as well as procedures for recognizing employees for exemplary work, also fall under the province of human resource management. The HR department often seeks to provide the highest quality benefit packages possible, given the current financial position of the company. To this end, personnel will typically seek the best in group health insurance, retirement programs, profit sharing, and vacation and personal days. Preparing and maintaining a company employee handbook is often the province of human resource management. As part of that process, the management team will ensure that all guidelines and regulations contained within the text comply with local, regional, and national laws that affect the status of employees. Managers will also provide all employees the opportunity to understand the provisions within the handbook, both as part of new employee orientation and as an ongoing employee education process. Often, human resource management and personnel are called on to mediate disagreements between employees and immediate supervisors Patterson et al (1997). In these situations, the mediator will seek to represent the best interests of the company, ensure that the dialogue and process is in compliance with laws governing employment within the country of residence, and seek to profile solution and reconcile the parties.

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AN ANALYSIS OF EXTERNAL DEBT ON ECONOMIC GROWTH IN NIGERIA (1995-2013)

 CHAPTER ONE

        INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Securing external loan is inevitable for a government when the economy faces financial crisis. There is no iota of doubt that Nigeria, just as other developing countries, is facing serious debt crisis. It has therefore emphasized the use of external loans for financing public expenditure (National library 2006). It is generally expected that developing countries, facing a scarcity of capital, will acquire external debt to supplement domestic saving (pattillo,etal 2002; safdari; and meherizi 2011).

According to global development finance (2009), “every country in the world aims at achieving economic growth and development”. However this is only possible if a country has adequate resources. In developing countries especially those in sub Sahara African the resources to finance the optimal level of economic growth and development are in short supply. This ploughed with problem of low domestic savings, low tax revenue, low productivity and meager foreign exchanger earnings. Basically, for these reason, many developing counties yearning for economics growth inevitably resort to external financing to bridge the gap between their savings and investments. In the process of obtaining Finance from abroad, a country may consider several options: grants, foreign investment and loans (concessional and non- concessional ) in that order, However mix of these capital inflow in varying proportion could be obtained depending on the socio- economic and political situation in a country(World Bank 2009).

According to (CBN annual report 2002) “Nigeria like most developing countries borrowed from external sources mainly for investment purpose. The country external debt sustainable up to mid 1970s, from the late 1979s because of poor macro- economic management and declining prices of crude oil, the country’s external debt began its upward movement. Thus from an external debt of US$ 557.74 millions in 1975. Nigeria debt packed at US$33 .billions in 1990 before declining to US$27.1 billion in 1997 and rose to US$28.8 billion in 1998. (CBN annual report 2002).

However, one of the greatest problem facing African countries basically classified as the amount of their external indebtedness (World Bank African Data base, 2003). This problem of increasing rate of the external debt is threatening the development programmed embarked upon by these countries, thereby retarding their economics growth and development, the reason being that the size of debt relative to size of the economic GNP is enormous. Also, the current system of debt management has a serious macro-economic impact on the economy’s outputs: as such, there is an urgent need to reduced African total outstanding debt service payments as well as accumulating of arrears on payments. (Anyanwa etal 1993)” in 1986, the federal government introduced the structural adjustment progrmme (SAP)”, to address the problem of structural imbalance in the economy and create an atmosphere for the achievement of macro- economics stability. It is obvious that one of the integral parts of the SAP is to reduce Nigeria huge debt. It is a fact that if the enormous amount spent on debt service payment could be reduced greatly, the country will be able to finance a large volume of domestic investment which enhances growth and development.

However, the borrowed funds are embarked on ill conceived project which are equally badly implemented. Thus , the new international economic order sets out as one of its objective to secure favorable condition for they transfer of resources to developing countries and to ensure that a countries resources are fully utilizes for the development of the country concerned. Thus, Nigeria resorted to external borrowing early in her history so as to quicken the pace of economic development. The issue of Nigeria’s external debt generated much public concern at the beginning of 1980 (World Bank African Data Base 2003).  (Ugwu 2011), the etymology of Nigeria external debt can be traced back to 1958 when a sum of US$28 million was contracted for railway construction. Between 1958 and 1977, the resort to foreign debt was minimal, as debts contracted during the period were the confessional debt from bilateral and multilateral sources with longer repayment period and lower interest rates constituting about 78.5 percent of the total debt stock. From 1978, following the collapse of oil price, which exerted considerable pressure on the government finance, it became necessary to borrow for balance of payment support and project financing. This led to the promulgation of Decree No.30. Of 1978, limiting the first major borrowing of US$ 1billion refereed to as the “jumbo loan” was contracted from the international capital market (1 CM) in 1978, increasing the total external debt stock to us$2.2 billion. Therefore, the spate of borrowing increased with the entry of state government into external loan contractual obligations .while the share of loans from bilateral and multilateral sources declined substantially, borrowing from private sources at stiffer rates increased considerably. Thus by 1982, the total external debt Stock was US$13.1billion.

 According to the (federal ministry of finance) Nigeria inability to settle her import bill resulted in the accumulation of trade arrears amounting to US$9.8 billon between 1983 and 1988.The reconciliation exercise, which took place between 1984 and 1988, reduced the amount to US$3.8billon. The accrued interest of US$10.billon was re-capitalized bringing the total to US$4.8billon in 1988, and the debt was eventually refinanced. Nigeria’s external debt rose further to US$33.1billon in 1990, but declined to US$27.5 billon in 1991 and increased steadily to US$32.6billon at the end of December 1995.

According to the (federal ministry of finance), the total external debt outstanding at the end of 1999 was US$ 28.0 billon, of the total outstanding debt, the Paris club constitutes the highest source of share of 73.2 percent in 1999. The balance is owed to the London club, the multilateral creditors, promissory note holders and others. Since the beginning of civilian Administration in 1999, Nigeria in concert with other debtor nations have canvassed for debt can cancellation all to no avail .However in the year 2000, arising from good performance on a preliminary programme with the international monetary fund (IMF), Nigeria debt service obligation was reduced from about US$4.0 billion to us$1 billon per annum. (CBN 2000), by the end of December 2003, Nigeria external public debt outstanding was estimated at US$32.9 billon. Although in the year 2005 certain debt concessions were granted Nigeria of course this has made our debt obligation with the Paris club to be reduced drastically. In April 2006, Nigeria became the first African country to fully pay off its debt.

          In essence, what matter most is not the amount of the foreign loans but the way and manner the loans are used in developmental process? If these loans are used for current consumption, they will have minimal impact on future economic growth, but if invested rationally in productive ventures, they will contribute positively to real, growth and enhance the productive capacity of the economy.

     The fact is that development depends purely on a sustained increase in real income, which can only achieve or accumulated from economic growth. Economic growth according to (Udabah 1999:24) “is therefore a steady process by which the productive capacity of the economy is increased over time to bring about rising levels of national income”. Growth tends to occur when total productive increase more rapidly than population, thus it is the country’s ability to maintain a strong defense or to pay for some other national project. As a matter of fact, economic growth is an ever increasing quantity of goods and services available to meet the economies need over time, hence the higher the radio of debt servicing payment, the lower the level of economic growth.

     However, according to (Anyanwu etal 1997), “the primary burden of Nigeria’s public debt is indeed shifted to the future”, thereby retarding economic growth.   

    

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IMPACT OF CUSTOMER COMPLAINTS ON MARKETING PERFORMANCE IN THE SERVICE INDUSTRY (A CASE STUDY OF MTN NIGERIA)

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1      BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The dream of any good entrepreneur is not actually to sell what he can sell but to retain customers. In pursuance of this line of action, the customer must be placed at the centre of all marketing activities without which no marketing activity takes place. Customer satisfaction is the pivot on which all marketing activities revolves, be it in production or in marketing.

Although service oriented companies do not have any tangible good to their credit, the most effective means of measuring consumers satisfaction is by listening to their complaints. These complaints are not actually made to tarnish the image of the producers, but to improve on their services. Since the consumers do not own anything from the payment he makes, the perishable services he receives must offer enough satisfaction for the sums of money so expended.

To a good producer, these complaints will actually guide him in the planning of his product, by way of determining what his customers actually want and to the qualities they can afford to acquire. Appropriate pricing may be an outcome of a customer’s compliant. The prices at which the best service is offered could really affect its demand. If best decisions are taken in that line, the producer is likely to triumph over his competitors. Marketing concepts which involve letting the people know of the product and sending the product to where it is actually needed, will create no less impact. A good mix of product, price, place and planning will give a fantastic reap-off.

Empirical evidence has shown that service firms typically lay behind manufacturing firms in their use of marketing. In comparison to manufacturing firm, service firms appear to be generally less likely to have marketing-mix activities carried out, less likely to perform analysis in the offering area, more likely to handle their advertisement internally than to go to experts, less likely to have an overall sales plan, less likely to develop sales training progammes, less likely to use marketing research firms and consultants and less likely to spend as much on marketing when expressed as a percentage of gross sales.

There are several reasons why service firms have neglected marketing. One of this reasons is that many of them are small, so do not use expansive marketing technique because of cost. In some cases they are deemed irrelevant. Some of them are business firms like Law, Architecture, Accounting and Management consulting firms, who think it is unnecessary using professionals in other fields for their functional activities.

Most observers agree that competition in industry is becoming increasingly intense. More and more companies worldwide are searching for ways to build sustainable advantage to counter this threat. As costs rises, as productivity stagnates and as service quality deteriorates, more service firms need to take interest in marketing. More market sophistication is needed as competition intensifies. More pressure is now on service firms to increase productivity. Since the service business is highly labour intensive, cost has been rising rapidly. To this end, it is not enough to make workers work harder, but more training will provide the needed skill geared towards customer’s satisfaction. The quality of service may be improved by reducing quantity and vice versa. An increase in equipment has a lot to do with improvement in services rendered. Imaga and Ewurum (1998).

In a nutshell, customer services should be of prime importance to service or companies, which could be improved upon by taking customers complaints very seriously and acting in the direction that will bring a better satisfaction to the customers. To this end, it is important for companies to develop customer services that are desired by customers and effective against competitors. The company has to decide the most important services to offer, the level at which services should be provided and the form each service. The service-mix can be coordinated by a customer-service department that handles complaints and adjustments, credit maintenance, technical service and customer information. Marketing need to know more about marketing service products.

According to Imaga and Ewurum (1998), service are activities or benefits that one part offers essentially as intangible product to the other and do not result in the ownership of anything. Service are not only intangibles, they are also inseparable, variable and perishable. Two main types of service can be identified viz:

v Material Service: This consists of the actual product or service, which you are selling. It is all about getting the product right.

v Personal Service: this is the way in which the material service is delivered. It is about the interaction between your employees and your customers.

It is probably the most visible part of the operation and often the part in which a company is adjudged “good of bad”. Personal service is the focus of this research work.

Though service industries have always behind in the use of marketing concepts, there is compelling need for a change in attitude.

In another alternative expression, services can be classified into People or Equipment based. A good example in this case is a Lawyer or an Accounting consultant; a motor mechanic or an aircraft used in conveying passenger. While the former is people based, the latter is equipment based. It would also need the client’s presence. In this case, a doctor needs the presence of the patient (client) for him to do his work. The motive for providing such services may differ. Private and government hospitals provide close to the same service but while the private hospital wants to maximize profit, the government hospital wants to maximize service to the people. In whatever way they are looked at, all are service oriented. Admittedly, customer complaints must be geared towards maximum satisfaction and should be treated as such. However, the pill given in one case may not be the same with another and the dosage in one may differ from the other.

Customer’s complaints should not be a threat; it should be viewed on a positive side as an instrument of change that will improve the condition of the firm, industry and the economy in general. If marketing is a means of knowing customers’ needs, providing them, and making sure it gets to the target customers is expected to improve marketing performance if well handled.

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IMPACT OF CUSTOMER COMPLAINTS ON MARKETING PERFORMANCE IN THE SERVICE INDUSTRY (A CASE STUDY OF MTN NIGERIA)

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1      BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The dream of any good entrepreneur is not actually to sell what he can sell but to retain customers. In pursuance of this line of action, the customer must be placed at the centre of all marketing activities without which no marketing activity takes place. Customer satisfaction is the pivot on which all marketing activities revolves, be it in production or in marketing.

Although service oriented companies do not have any tangible good to their credit, the most effective means of measuring consumers satisfaction is by listening to their complaints. These complaints are not actually made to tarnish the image of the producers, but to improve on their services. Since the consumers do not own anything from the payment he makes, the perishable services he receives must offer enough satisfaction for the sums of money so expended.

To a good producer, these complaints will actually guide him in the planning of his product, by way of determining what his customers actually want and to the qualities they can afford to acquire. Appropriate pricing may be an outcome of a customer’s compliant. The prices at which the best service is offered could really affect its demand. If best decisions are taken in that line, the producer is likely to triumph over his competitors. Marketing concepts which involve letting the people know of the product and sending the product to where it is actually needed, will create no less impact. A good mix of product, price, place and planning will give a fantastic reap-off.

Empirical evidence has shown that service firms typically lay behind manufacturing firms in their use of marketing. In comparison to manufacturing firm, service firms appear to be generally less likely to have marketing-mix activities carried out, less likely to perform analysis in the offering area, more likely to handle their advertisement internally than to go to experts, less likely to have an overall sales plan, less likely to develop sales training progammes, less likely to use marketing research firms and consultants and less likely to spend as much on marketing when expressed as a percentage of gross sales.

There are several reasons why service firms have neglected marketing. One of this reasons is that many of them are small, so do not use expansive marketing technique because of cost. In some cases they are deemed irrelevant. Some of them are business firms like Law, Architecture, Accounting and Management consulting firms, who think it is unnecessary using professionals in other fields for their functional activities.

Most observers agree that competition in industry is becoming increasingly intense. More and more companies worldwide are searching for ways to build sustainable advantage to counter this threat. As costs rises, as productivity stagnates and as service quality deteriorates, more service firms need to take interest in marketing. More market sophistication is needed as competition intensifies. More pressure is now on service firms to increase productivity. Since the service business is highly labour intensive, cost has been rising rapidly. To this end, it is not enough to make workers work harder, but more training will provide the needed skill geared towards customer’s satisfaction. The quality of service may be improved by reducing quantity and vice versa. An increase in equipment has a lot to do with improvement in services rendered. Imaga and Ewurum (1998).

In a nutshell, customer services should be of prime importance to service or companies, which could be improved upon by taking customers complaints very seriously and acting in the direction that will bring a better satisfaction to the customers. To this end, it is important for companies to develop customer services that are desired by customers and effective against competitors. The company has to decide the most important services to offer, the level at which services should be provided and the form each service. The service-mix can be coordinated by a customer-service department that handles complaints and adjustments, credit maintenance, technical service and customer information. Marketing need to know more about marketing service products.

According to Imaga and Ewurum (1998), service are activities or benefits that one part offers essentially as intangible product to the other and do not result in the ownership of anything. Service are not only intangibles, they are also inseparable, variable and perishable. Two main types of service can be identified viz:

v Material Service: This consists of the actual product or service, which you are selling. It is all about getting the product right.

v Personal Service: this is the way in which the material service is delivered. It is about the interaction between your employees and your customers.

It is probably the most visible part of the operation and often the part in which a company is adjudged “good of bad”. Personal service is the focus of this research work.

Though service industries have always behind in the use of marketing concepts, there is compelling need for a change in attitude.

In another alternative expression, services can be classified into People or Equipment based. A good example in this case is a Lawyer or an Accounting consultant; a motor mechanic or an aircraft used in conveying passenger. While the former is people based, the latter is equipment based. It would also need the client’s presence. In this case, a doctor needs the presence of the patient (client) for him to do his work. The motive for providing such services may differ. Private and government hospitals provide close to the same service but while the private hospital wants to maximize profit, the government hospital wants to maximize service to the people. In whatever way they are looked at, all are service oriented. Admittedly, customer complaints must be geared towards maximum satisfaction and should be treated as such. However, the pill given in one case may not be the same with another and the dosage in one may differ from the other.

Customer’s complaints should not be a threat; it should be viewed on a positive side as an instrument of change that will improve the condition of the firm, industry and the economy in general. If marketing is a means of knowing customers’ needs, providing them, and making sure it gets to the target customers is expected to improve marketing performance if well handled.

THE EFFECT OF MANAGERIAL STRATEGIES AND EMPLOYEE PRODUCTIVITY IN MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES

CHAPTER ONE

1.1      Background of the study

The association between employer and employee performance has received justifiably much attention from researchers, managers, policy makers and consultants. This is because managerial strategies have been recognized as a panacea for productivity and effective performance of workers in organizations.

Faiza and Shamin (2010) argued that for any organisation, employees are considered as assets. Then their utilization in terms of better productivity and enhanced performance is the main focus of all managerial activities. This is so because they make critical difference between success and failure, and the success will depend on effective development, motivation, involvement of staffs in decision making and planning and effective communication. Stephanie and Jean (2011), opines that alignment of strategic vision to employee productivity is a key contributor to the success of organisation. This alignment encourages and stimulates employees creativity so that they can perform more effectively to realize the organizational goals and objectives. Also a synergistic effort of employees’ work effort, along with management best business practices that align with the vision, would yield a positive result for an organisation especially manufacturing industries. Weihrich, Cannice and Koontz (2008), the aim of managers is that they must increase productivity and the urgent need for productivity improvement is recognized around the world by industries. They also contributed that one looks to find answers to our productivity problem but tends to over look the importance of effectively performing basic managerial and non managerial activities. Ukong (2011) defined productivity as the output-input ratio within a time period with due consideration for quality. Strategies which organisation adopts to increase productivity should be focused on management functions such as planning, organizing, staffing, leading and controlling of employees in the organisation to boost productivity. On the other hand, Jean (2011), says that strategic vision is mutually depend on the development of a business strategy to sustained competitive advantage to ensure an enduring health of the business and employee must be encouraged to increase their productivity. This means that managers should manage based on methodical management principles and should be supportive to their employees. Support from manager will boost employee’s morale and lead them to autonomy through the implement of an effective communication and engagement of the employees in the decision making process.

Matthew (2010), says that set of goals policies, rules and programmes which an organisation set to achieve the broad vision of the organisation are strategies and this strategies will positively enhance employee productivity through carefully administration and implementation of those strategies into staff planning, motivation, training and performance appraisal and promotion. This is so because the interval strength of an organisation depends on the work force and how bets they can help organisation benchmark and compete favourably or have an edge over the threats in the environment.

Therefore, the researcher is interest in examining the impact of managerial strategies on staff productivity in selected manufacturing enterprise in Calabar Metropolis.

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THE INCIDENCE AND CAUSES OF SCHOOL DROPOUT IN SELECTED PRIMARY SCHOOL, IN CALABAR SOUTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study

Primary education forms the basis of entire system of education. Its importance lies in the fact that it serves as the foundation stone on which the subsequent edifice of the education system is raised. The immense contribution it makes to the overall development of the country is indicated by the research studies undertaken in both developed and developing countries including Nigeria. Dropping out from school occurs after a child has previously gained access to school.  A major problem in many developing countries, dropping out is often obscured within statistical data and the emphasis on initial access.  This study was concerned with children who have not completed a cycle of basic education, which depending on the compulsory age of enrollment, should generally encompass children from the ages of five or six to fifteen years. dropout means once enrolled pupils but leave education before completing a given circle while the third is a broader definition which embraces those who do not even enroll (e.g., some street children, handicapped children, children in remote rural areas) and cover the entire school career until legal school leaving age. Dropout in its narrowest sense is referred to enrolled pupils who stay away from school for more than a given number of days without migrating with their parents. Any Child who enters into primary school but does not complete the 6 years cycle whatever the reason will be considered as dropout. Umoh (1986) view dropout as a pupil who because of unseen circumstance cannot complete a school program which she/he originally was enrolled for.

           However, today education has become the contemporary creed and about the surest way to attain self-reliance and economic growth and development. This was why the federal Government of Nigeria established the Universal Basic Education (UBE) Programme in 1999 to primarily:

(1) Provide a compulsory, free and universal basic education, for every Nigerian child of school age (2) Reduce drastically the incidence of dropout from formal school system through improved relevance, quality and efficiency (3) Ensuring the acquisition of the appropriate level of literacy, communicative and life skills as well as the ethical, moral and civil values needed for lying, a solid foundation for lifelong learning etc.

But what we discover is dropout among primary school pupils especially in Calabar South. The society at large helps to contribute to the dropout problems in the sense that society cherishes wealth and honour wealthy men. The poor man has no place at all. The importance the society attaches to wealth lure the young boys and girls to pursue wealth rather than education which is of life lasting value and legacy.

         In Calabar South, thorough observation and careful study reveals that children of school age go in search of quick money by performing odd and menial jobs such as bus conductors, selling along the road and in the market places, wheelbarrow pushers, mechanic apprentice etc. The notion of these boys is that, to stay and complete primary six especially those who started late is a waste of time, money and energy. What they do is quietly withdraw from school and pursue wealth no matter how hard and rough the road is to acquiring it. Second observation is as a result of instability of the school system due to frequent strike action and regular changes in government, thereby resulting in inconsistent policy on educational matters such changes in school curriculum textbooks and policies in school administration. This has lead many pupils mostly females into teenage pregnancy and early marriage while the boys go into joining of gangs that are deviant in nature and eventually stay away from school. The phenomenon of dropout in primary schools has dire consequences on educational system. It leads to wastage on one hand and under utilization of facilities on the other for instance if a school does not have sufficient enrolment, we can say there is a wastage of school capacity hence Fafunwa (2003) says that Dropout is a major problem that continue to be-devil the educational system since the beginning of Western education in Nigeria in the mid 19th century to the present. It is also worth noting that the phenomenon of dropout is not only common to Nigeria, but also high in other parts of the countries of the world Schwartz, (1995). He argues that dropouts are of a physiological type and it has become quite relevant in both Primary and Junior Schools.

        In Nigeria, the case of Calabar South Local Government is not different from what is obtains from the outside world. In order for the individual to be self-reliant, he has to be educated. Education is considered to be important to mankind hence the Nigeria Government got involved in the management of education right from the time of Arthur Richard constitution of 1946. However, there is wastage as earlier mentioned in the form of not meeting its desired or anticipated result at a scale considerably lower than it has set for itself, repetition and failure at the end of a course. If this is the case, why is it that many pupils in the primary school system do not want to go to school? Why do they encourage wastage of resources on the part of the government and their parents? What are the factors responsible for this act?

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