THE EFFECT OF CHILD ABUSE ON THE ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT OF SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENT

CHAPTER ONE

1.1     BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

Child abuse survivors may demonstrate certain characteristics in adulthood that can impede their ability to function in everyday life and to maintain good, healthy relationships with others. It should be noted, however, that each child abuse survivor is an individual, and may manifest some characteristics but not others. The differences among child abuse survivors are due to a number of things, including genetics, social environment and whether or not the survivor was able to receive therapy and support in dealing with his condition. Another aspect that can have a significant impact on the characteristics of survivors is the type and severity of abuse they experienced while growing up.

        Victims of various types of abuse may demonstrate symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and may suffer from both anxiety and depression. Child abuse survivors may resort to a variety of coping mechanisms to help them manage their feelings and achieve some type of normal functioning. For example, a child abuse survivor may abuse drugs or alcohol as a way of “numbing” himself against unpleasant memories and psychic pain. He may also have difficulty maintaining close and trusting relationships with other people. In addition, mental health problems combined with impairments in socialization may make it difficult for some child abuse survivors to hold gainful employment.

       However, different types of child abuse can produce different long-lasting symptoms in survivors. In some cases, child abuse survivors still bear physical symptoms of both physical and sexual child abuse. For many survivors, this damage can contribute to emotional anguish and make it difficult for the victim to achieve closure. Sexual child abuse survivors may have difficulty establishing appropriate boundaries with others in sexual and romantic relationships. The survivor may either act out in a promiscuous manner or be overly compliant with a sexual partner regardless of the victim's own needs and desires. Alternatively, the victim may develop an abhorrence of physical contact and sexual behavior. Victims of mental child abuse may develop defense mechanisms that can significantly impede their ability to interact with others. These defense mechanisms may include becoming overly submissive or, alternatively, aggressive in their relationships. These victims may also find themselves keeping others at a distance through a lack of trust. Alternatively, these victims may also find themselves acting in a way that makes them easy targets for exploiters and abusers. As these victims may have difficulty feeling comfortable with relationships that are not abusive, they may either seek out or endure abusive relationships in adulthood. Sexual abuse is a legal concept that describes unwanted or illegal sexual contact. Depending on applicable laws, the term may be synonymous with, or separate from, sexual assault. Sexual abuse definitions may include acts that may be consensual but illegal, coerced sexual contact occurring under physical or psychological threat, or other types of unwanted contact between the abuser and victim.  If unwanted or illegal penetration occurs, the situation often falls under rape or assault laws, rather than abuse laws. Abuse codes sometimes deal only with violations that exclude actual sexual penetration, such as unwanted or illegal touches, or illegal exposure to pornography.

     Again, sexual abuse laws often deal with the illegal sexual treatment of a minor or child. Abuse may occur between an adult and child, or between two minors. Consent is typically not a factor in child sex abuse cases, as a minor typically is not granted the right of consent. Abuse laws may also protect those who are over the age of consent but judged to be mentally incompetent. Those convicted of sexual abuse crimes may be sentenced to jail time, psychological counseling, and restitution penalties. Additionally, some regions have laws governing sex offenders even after jail time is served. In some areas, a person convicted of a sexual crime such as abuse may have to register permanently as an offender. Registered offenders may be prohibited from living near schools or daycare facilities, working for school systems, and may have their address and criminal record listed in a public database.

        According to statistics, most sexual abuse crimes occur between family members or are perpetrated by an authority figure such as a teacher or babysitter. Since many victims are under psychological or physical threat, reporting and prosecution of abuse is often difficult.

      Many regions also have accessory abuse laws, meaning that any person with knowledge of abuse who does not report it may be subject to criminal charges and civil lawsuits. Sexual abuse can also occur between spouses or romantic partners, and may be considered a form of domestic abuse. For centuries, marriage or cohabitation gave a male partner total sexual rights to the female, including laws that affirmed that rape or sexual abuse could not occur between spouses. In modern times, many legal systems have amended this concept to say that unwanted sexual contact is a crime even between people who are sexually involved. Many psychologists suggest that abuse of a sexual nature can be severely traumatic to victims, often resulting in serious psychological issues that may require extensive treatment to manage or overcome. Studies suggest that many perpetrators of sexual crimes have been victims of similar crimes in childhood. The importance of careful attention to possible signs of abuse is considered by many experts to be a vital step both in stopping current abuse and preventing future violations.

According to the united Nation (UN) standard, child abuse is a condition of causing or permitting to occur, any form of offensive or harmful contact on the body of the child, such a contact incorporated any form of interaction, exchange or communication that brings shame, embarrassment, fear or disgrace to the child.

This therefore, underscores the need to treat the child with dignity and as an entity who when his feeling and emotional disposition are unaffectionate tempered with, may degenerate into crisis.

However, a child is abuse if a recent act or failure to act on the part of a exploitation or any act or failure to act which involves imminent risk of serious harm (Khatric 2004). Child abuse refers simply to the maltreatment of the child, hardly does a day pass by without a news report of a child who has been maltreated, battered, sexually harassed, neglected or abandoned by people who were suppose to look after them. Child abuse in Nigeria has a kind of institutionalized posture not until recently, when many writers, commentators and scholars have drawn the attention of the government and the general public to the incidence of child abuse. The persistence of child abuse has been attributed to some conditions that seems inevitable, and these conditions make families to fail in their duty to the child which include to ensure growth, to give right scope for emotional development and to preserve the art of parenthood as well as to teach behavior. With the alteration of society by rapid socio-economic and political changes various forms of child abuse have been identified, particularly in the rural areas such as in Biase Local Government Area, where there is increase in child labour and exploitation of children.    

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THE EFFECT OF INVENTORY VALUATION ON THE PROFITABILITY OF AN ORGANIZATION

CHAPTER ONE

1.1 Background of the study

Inventory is the total amount of goods and/or materials contained in a store or factory at any given time.  Store owners need to know the precise number of items on their shelves and storage areas in order to place orders or control losses.  Factory managers need to know how many units of their products are available for customer orders.  Restaurants need to order more food based on their current supplies and menu needs. 

       The word 'inventory' can refer to both the total amount of goods and the act of counting them.  Many companies take an inventory of their supplies on a regular basis in order to avoid running out of popular items.  Others take an inventory to insure the number of items ordered matches the actual number of items counted physically.  Shortages or overages after an inventory can indicate a problem with theft (called 'shrinkage' in retail circles) or inaccurate accounting practices.

         Companies also take an inventory every quarter in order to generate numbers for financial reports and tax records.  Ideally, most companies want to have just enough inventories to meet current orders.  Having too many products languishing in a warehouse can make a company look less appealing to investors and potential customers.  Quite often a company will offer significant discounts if the inventory numbers are high and sales are low.  This is commonly seen in new car dealerships as the manufacturers release the next year's models before the current vehicles on the lot have been sold.  Furniture companies may also offer 'inventory reduction sales' in order to clear out their showrooms for newer merchandise.

        However, an inventory valuation is a statement which provides information about the value of goods held in inventory. Goods in inventory can make up a substantial portion of a company's equity and there is therefore a great deal of interest in the total value of a company's inventory. This information is reported in financial statements which can be used internally and externally for a variety of tasks related to accounting, valuing the company as a whole, and making business decisions.

       There are a number of ways to perform an inventory valuation and different approaches to maintaining records about inventory. One method is to record sales and movement of inventory as they occur. For example, when a book sells a copy of a dictionary, it would record the fact that the inventory was short one dictionary while also noting the amount of the sale. This is called perpetual recording, because the inventory numbers are constantly being updated. One advantage to this system is that it provides real time data which can be reviewed at any time and used for everything from inventory valuation to ordering new products to replace things that are selling out. Another method is periodic. In this case, sales are recorded at the time they take place but the change to inventory is not. At the end of a set period, the inventory is manually counted and recorded. One reason why it is important to know which method of inventory valuation to use is because prices shift over time. The difference in accounting methods can change the inventory valuation, depending on which method was used.

       An inventory manager controls the goods, materials, products or parts for a company. The inventory may be for in-house use or consist of goods sold or rented to customers. The manager of inventory normally works in conjunction with other departments and is frequently in charge of one or more inventory clerk’s efficient inventory control is normally crucial to a company’s success. The inventory manager is customarily responsible for keeping track of inventory levels and ordering additional merchandise as needed to meet the needs of her company or its customers. Her assessment of current needs and ability to predict future requirements are commonly imperative to her effective control of the inventory.

         Depending on the volume of inventory and the nature of the business, an inventory manager may choose different methods to keep track of stock. Some businesses that deal in large volumes of components and parts regularly conduct cycle counts. This practice requires different parts of the inventory to be counted to make sure all parts are inventoried at least once in a specified period, normally six months or a year. Items that are more popular are counted more frequently than slower moving ones, with a handful of items being inventoried every day. In an environment where the inventory is relatively small or the demands on it vary considerably and often, the inventory manager customarily monitors it manually or through a computerized inventory tracking system. She usually has a specific inventory level for each part or product in stock at which she is alerted to reorder. A system that tracks back orders and returns is usually integrated into the mainframe of the program.

        To guarantee the largest profit margins are maintained and ensure there are no interruptions in production or sales, an inventory manager typically tracks the costs of storing slow-moving inventory. She regularly compares it to the cost of ordering goods on an as-needed basis. If the latter choice proves to be more profitable, the manager commonly adjusts her inventory ordering and storage systems to increase revenues. Success in this position normally requires excellent attention to detail and exemplary organizational skills. The ability to apply analytically skills to inventory control is generally considered an asset for an inventory manager.

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THE EFFECT OF PARENTAL LEVEL OF EDUCATION AND THE ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF STUDENTS IN SELETED SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN CALABAR UBAN

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Education can be seen as an indispensable factor of human and national development. But this education came to us as the Western education was introduced in Nigeria by the missionaries in the mid-nineteenth century. Although the first mission school was founded in 1843 by Methodists, it was the Anglican Church missionary society that pushed forward in the early 1850s to find a chain of missions and schools, followed quickly in the late 1850s by the Roman Catholics. After this era, the British politicians (Colonial masters) took over the government to Westernize Nigeria in the full western culture of Politics, science and technology, systemizing the way of schooling in primary, secondary and tertiary institutions of learning. The government was led by ‘Lord Laggard’, the then governor general during the colonial period.

Furthermore, according to the Nigeria National Policy on education (1977) the secondary education is said to be the stage of education that a child is engaged after the primary education and before the tertiary stage. The Nigerians philosophy of education advocates for the provision of equal opportunities for all children at the primary, secondary, and tertiary levels of education.

In order to implement this land able policy the Federal government had launched UPE in 1976. This made it possible so that all the children are opportune to enroll in primary and secondary levels of education without any hindrances. It has been learnt that the number of students who dropout after primary education seems to be tremendous, that is why UPE was geared towards making secondary education affordable for all children.

The parents are expected to carryout some roles in their children education. This is because their roles are very important in their children education. The roles now include paying children school fees, having or being interested in knowing how their children are being taught in school, buying their text books, note books and other writing materials. The parents should also make sure that their children are well fed since they cannot study in an empty stomach, they should at times visit the schools where their classes and other extra-curricular activities in school.

Parents are still also experiencing obstacles in the cause of performing their roles in their children education. These obstacles/hindrances could be attributed to the poor socio-economic status, educational background and parental level of income. This is because people in the society are grouped in various classes of hierarchy as we have people of higher class, middle class, lower class etc. who live according to their level of income. But people who earn lower income in the family are faced with a serious problem that they can not meet up with some educational needs of their children because of the following reasons:

1.  Low income based of the parents.

2.  Low educational background of the parent.

3.  Now lucrative occupation engaged by the parents.

Education is vital, as compelling evidence has shown that family involvement has a positive effect on learners‟ academic achievement. The family plays a major role as a socializing agent by supporting the individuals as they grow from childhood to adulthood. This role cannot be adequately replaced by any other institution. However, parents need to be informed about various and more effective ways of creating or developing learning opportunities and stimulating experiences for their children through their involvement in parenting programmes. Community involvement in school activities has a positive effect on pupil performance. Fullan (2001) stresses that parents and the wider community have largely untapped expertise essential to the partnership.

However well or badly parents do, they are the first educators. As part of community, schools need to develop an „invitational‟ attitude towards parents and to do more to help parents assist their children. Dustmann, Rajah and Soest (1998) support Fullan‟s position about the impact parental level of education and the community have on pupils‟ performance. But students are motivated to achieve not only self-motivation but also through the involvement of their peers, their parents, their teachers, and their communities.Emeka (2001) has attributed the causes of poor academic performance to a combination of personal and intuitional factors personal factors relate to the individuals. Intelligent, knowledge and ability while the institutional factors are family or parental influences, societal influence and school related factors among others.Ajila and Olutoa (2000) categories problems responsible for students’ poor performance as it include availability of suitable learning environment adequacy of educational infrastructure like textbooks, laboratory, studio etc. There is evidence that parent’s education will affect student’s academic achievement. According to Crasser (2003) parents level of education is one of the most important factor affecting students academic achievement,Taiwo (2000) submits that a child that comes from an educated home would like to follow the steps of his/her family and work  actively to his study, Iheke (1999)  concludes that a child from a well educated family with high socio-economic statues is more likely to perform better than a child from above average as compare to average income family with well educated parents who participate in the  schools education process and encourage their children to learns,they established that their socio-economic statues of students affected their achievement.

However, parents’ place priority to basic necessity likes housing, clothing, health care, educational toys and games, this point was supported by bookcock (2002) and Iheke (2002) on the relationship between school performance and parental socio economic condition.

Again, Academic achievement have always been the centre of educational research and despite varied statements about the aims of education, the academic development of the child continue to be the primary and most important goal of education. It acts as an emotional tonic. It advisable to laid good foundation in a child early years of life because sound academic records are the pillars on which the entire future personality stands. In a study considering the factors of school achievement, one possibly ignores those aspects in which individuals differ from one another. The starting point may be academic achievement itself where wide ranging variations occur from the point of outstanding achievement. If we consider a group of students a few students are found to be high achievers on the other hand a few are low achievers while a sizable number of students always appear as moderate achievers. The question arises why such a difference in achievement appears. These questions often appear in the minds of educators, educationists, and the psychologists, but with hardly satisfactory answers.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

In many parts of the world educationists, sociologists, and schools can influence educational attainment. Early researchers on the subject focus primarily on what we called “Intellectual and ability factors. Recently, there have been emphases in the conceptualization on the problem due to the gradual recognition that some students perform worse than expected in ability tests. The search for causes of the variations in academic performances led to the first consideration of “Non-intellectual” characteristics.

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THE APPLICATION OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND EFFECTIVE BANKING SYSTEM (A STUDY OF UBA PLC)

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1      BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Computer remains relevant and its usefulness cannot be ignored in every sphere of life. Banks are increasingly dependent on services provided by computer systems via ICT and vulnerability to effective banking services is growing fast as a result. The beauty is that banks are no longer just concerned with the information and the technology to process it; the single most important aspect is to communicate this information. Speed, ever-reducing costs and general availability of communications technology, e-mail and the Internet have revolutionized the way banks work and live.  Literally, ICT means working with computers, but in a more technical way it is a term used to describe technologies that enable us to record, process, retrieve, transmit and receive information. ICT ranges from the oral and traditional types such as speech, drama and prints to recent and modern ones like electrical ICTs (radio and TVs) and digital ICTs. The digital revolution is at the heart of the impending pervasive use of digital ICTs. The ability to store and process numerical, textual, audio and video information in digital form at speeds, in quantities and at costs previously unimaginable and the ability to transmit the digital objects across time and space quickly and at relatively nominal costs are the strengths of the electronic venue of ICTs.

      Recent banking industries as to do with the systems of people, equipment, inventory and procedures arranged to interact in order to accomplish one or more objectives. Rapid changes due to globalization of banks, technological innovations, social and political changes cum increased awareness and demands from customers are putting pressures on banks which are being countered by new management approaches ranging from telecommuting to bank process reengineering. ICT is at the core of most innovations used today by banks to succeed or survive. ICTs are known for strategic management, communication, collaboration work, customers' access, managerial decision making, data management and knowledge management. In the light of these, this research focused on the advantages and disadvantages in using digital ICTs in banking activities for effective service delivery.

      However, the role of technology in the information age is well recognized by business, industry and government and is completely woven in to their organizational structures and strategic planning processes. Glover, (1993).The quality of strategic planning is limited by the quality of information available to decision makers and that executive information systems were critical in furnishing the necessary data which produced information.

       Technology relates to both the physical aspects of machines, equipment, processes and work layout and the actual methods, systems and procedures involved in the carrying out of work. Technology is therefore a major influence on general climate of the organization the behaviour of customers at the banking industry.

       Most commercial banks have adopted one form of information technology or the other. This is because the banks services have some unique characteristics which make it at great advantage to them. The paper – based nature of the banking transaction is being replaced by electronic based transaction. Since the adoption of information technology, the paper-based communications in most banks have been replaced by electronic communication.

1.2   STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM:

The information technology has brought about the change in the banking operation. This is a transaction from manual way of processing cheques and other related activities to computerized ways of all banking transactions.

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THE EFFECT OF JUVENILE DELINQUENCY ON THE ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF STUDENTS IN OBUDU LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF CROSS RIVER STATE.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1     Background of the study 

In life, variations exist in the students’ academic performance. These have raised a number of pertinent questions as to what might be responsible for these. The results from various studies have shown that variations in academic performance among students are influenced by parental educational background, attitudes, home and environment heredity and intelligence.

According to scholars like Comings (1991), Douglas (1989), Loasa (1982), and Thompson (2000), revealed that parents with basic knowledge in Education or highly educated parents buy suitable textbooks for their children and help them to read and understand such book. These help their progression in their academic achievement in schools.

It is obvious that a child that receives the preliminary study at home under this guardian excel in academic achievement than their counterparts who do not receive such study or guardian. Parents attitude immensely influence the academic performance of the students in school.

       According to Balmecede (1989), Douglas (1989) Lenwer and Scacon (1990) and Wilkins (2000) observed in their work that, how much a student achieves during his school days is largely dependent on the type of family he belongs. They further explained that a student whose parents take great interest on what he does at school, support him by providing lots of books and encourage him to be creative has a great advantage over other students whose parents do not give him such attention.

       Environment is another indicator that influences the academic performance of students. According to Bloom (1999: 189), “The condition forces an external stimuli that impinge on an individual”. Home environment constitutes people and things that make up the home surroundings of an individual and that influence his development through life. Scholars like Banks (2001), Duberman (1999), and Leitch (2000) observed that parental care and environment are strongly correlated and the lower the parental care the poorer home environment.

       It is obvious that environmental problems at home especially nutritional and physical possession, inadequacies have bearing on the health and educational performance of the individual. Taking these environmental factors into consideration, a child from a lower level of parental care stand the risk of school failure.

       Heredity and intelligence have been advance by scholars like Child (1997), Galton (1999) and Jenson (2001), are possible factors which affects the students performance in school. They observed that heredity is significantly correlated with academic performance and other siblings, and that the son of a supposed genius would turn out to be a genius because of inherited traits or characteristics.

       According to Eklin and Rossi (2000), parents from the upper social class who are wealthy and have important business positions, live in luxurious homes, send their children to high quality private secondary schools and also wish them to succeed them. The effect may be that they constitute a menace to the family and the society at large. The menace may range from robbery and other social crimes. This is why Douglas (1989) and Williams (1973) put their voices to this that parental encouragement, control and interest on what a student does in school is essential for his continuous success at school.

 According to Cynthia (2012), the future of our world depends on responsible citizens who possess the ability to express and resolve conflict while working together for civil improvement. For well over a century, behaviour researchers have attempted to understand the relation between juvenile delinquency and academic achievement.

       In the view pertaining to academic achievement and its effect on delinquency Taylor and Francis (2008), noted that researchers have not yet been able to established a direct causal relation between these two variables. It has been demonstrated that poor academic outcomes can adversely affect a child’s behaviour, and early behavioural problems can lead to poor academic outcomes. Studies have also shown that the rates of recidivism are highly correlated with how level of academic performance.

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THE EFFECT OF CHILD ABUSE ON THE ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT OF SENIOR SECONDARY ONE STUDENT

CHAPTER ONE

1.1     BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

This study focuses on the effects of child abuse in Nigeria using Biase Local Government Area of Cross river State as a case study. This study will therefore identified the major effects of child abuse that stands as a bottleneck in Nigeria most especially among the senior secondary one students in Biase Local Government Area.

It therefore implies that, this research will look at the effects of the child abuse on the academic performance of students basically senior secondary one (S.S.1) students in Biase Local Government Area.

According to the united Nation (UN) standard, child abuse is a condition of causing or permitting to occur, any form of offensive or harmful contact on the body of the child, such a contact incorporated any form of interaction, exchange or communication that brings shame, embarrassment, fear or disgrace to the child.

This therefore, underscores the need to treat the child with dignity and as an entity who when his feeling and emotional disposition are unaffectionately tempered with, may degenerate into crisis.

However, a child is abuse if a recent act or failure to act on the part of a exploitation or any act or failure to act which involves imminent risk of serious harm (Khatric 2004).

Child abuse refers simply to the maltreatment of the child, hardly does a day pass by without a news report of a child who has been maltreated, battered, sexually harassed, neglected or abandoned by people who were suppose to look after them. Child abuse in Nigeria has a kind of institutionalized posture not until recently, when many writers, commentators and scholars have drawn the attention of the government and the general public to the incidence of child abuse. The persistence of child abuse has been attributed to some conditions that seems inevitable, and these conditions make families to fail in their duty to the child which include to ensure growth, to give right scope for emotional development and to preserve the art of parenthood as well as to teach behavior. With the alteration of society by rapid socio-economic and political changes various forms of child abuse have been identified, particularly in the rural areas such as in Biase Local Government Area, where the is increase in child labour and exploitation of children.          

Child abuse has been the cause of poor academic performances of S.S.1. Students in Biase Local Government Area. And this has constituted a serious problem which has becomes a cause for concerned to most people in different ways; it frustrates both the students and the teachers.

Teacher’s frustration stems from the very fact that students are not responsive enough in their lessons and yet both students and parents blame teachers for student’s poor performances. The teachers blame the students of lack of concentration and extra time to read at home. They also blame parents for failing to lay the right foundation on their children education.

Although this project will focus on the effect of child abuse on the academic performance of students in Biase Local Government Area of cross river state, The phenomenon by no means peculiar to Biase only, most urban and rural area have a share in child abuse and how it’s affects academic performance of senior secondary one [ S.S.1.] student.  

1.2     THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

The theoretical background this study is very necessary, for scientific analysis and understand of a social problem a model for exploration is necessary. Therefore, there are various theories through which the incidence of child abuse can be explained namely; social learning theory, social cultural theories and type of cognitive development and instrumental conditioning.

I)    SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY

  Albert Bandura is know has the originator of the social learning the in 1973, the foundation or the assumption of the theory is that, people learn within a social context, it is facilitated through concepts such as modeling and observational learning. People especially children, learn from the environment and seek acceptance from society by learning through influential models.

It is a theory with social behaviour (i.e. any type of behaviour that we display socially) is learned primarily by observing and imitating the actions of others, the social behaviour is also influenced by being rewarded and/or punished for these actions. 

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