THE INCIDENCE AND CAUSES OF SCHOOL DROPOUT IN SELECTED PRIMARY SCHOOL, IN CALABAR SOUTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study

Primary education forms the basis of entire system of education. Its importance lies in the fact that it serves as the foundation stone on which the subsequent edifice of the education system is raised. The immense contribution it makes to the overall development of the country is indicated by the research studies undertaken in both developed and developing countries including Nigeria. Dropping out from school occurs after a child has previously gained access to school.  A major problem in many developing countries, dropping out is often obscured within statistical data and the emphasis on initial access.  This study was concerned with children who have not completed a cycle of basic education, which depending on the compulsory age of enrollment, should generally encompass children from the ages of five or six to fifteen years. dropout means once enrolled pupils but leave education before completing a given circle while the third is a broader definition which embraces those who do not even enroll (e.g., some street children, handicapped children, children in remote rural areas) and cover the entire school career until legal school leaving age. Dropout in its narrowest sense is referred to enrolled pupils who stay away from school for more than a given number of days without migrating with their parents. Any Child who enters into primary school but does not complete the 6 years cycle whatever the reason will be considered as dropout. Umoh (1986) view dropout as a pupil who because of unseen circumstance cannot complete a school program which she/he originally was enrolled for.

           However, today education has become the contemporary creed and about the surest way to attain self-reliance and economic growth and development. This was why the federal Government of Nigeria established the Universal Basic Education (UBE) Programme in 1999 to primarily:

(1) Provide a compulsory, free and universal basic education, for every Nigerian child of school age (2) Reduce drastically the incidence of dropout from formal school system through improved relevance, quality and efficiency (3) Ensuring the acquisition of the appropriate level of literacy, communicative and life skills as well as the ethical, moral and civil values needed for lying, a solid foundation for lifelong learning etc.

But what we discover is dropout among primary school pupils especially in Calabar South. The society at large helps to contribute to the dropout problems in the sense that society cherishes wealth and honour wealthy men. The poor man has no place at all. The importance the society attaches to wealth lure the young boys and girls to pursue wealth rather than education which is of life lasting value and legacy.

         In Calabar South, thorough observation and careful study reveals that children of school age go in search of quick money by performing odd and menial jobs such as bus conductors, selling along the road and in the market places, wheelbarrow pushers, mechanic apprentice etc. The notion of these boys is that, to stay and complete primary six especially those who started late is a waste of time, money and energy. What they do is quietly withdraw from school and pursue wealth no matter how hard and rough the road is to acquiring it. Second observation is as a result of instability of the school system due to frequent strike action and regular changes in government, thereby resulting in inconsistent policy on educational matters such changes in school curriculum textbooks and policies in school administration. This has lead many pupils mostly females into teenage pregnancy and early marriage while the boys go into joining of gangs that are deviant in nature and eventually stay away from school. The phenomenon of dropout in primary schools has dire consequences on educational system. It leads to wastage on one hand and under utilization of facilities on the other for instance if a school does not have sufficient enrolment, we can say there is a wastage of school capacity hence Fafunwa (2003) says that Dropout is a major problem that continue to be-devil the educational system since the beginning of Western education in Nigeria in the mid 19th century to the present. It is also worth noting that the phenomenon of dropout is not only common to Nigeria, but also high in other parts of the countries of the world Schwartz, (1995). He argues that dropouts are of a physiological type and it has become quite relevant in both Primary and Junior Schools.

        In Nigeria, the case of Calabar South Local Government is not different from what is obtains from the outside world. In order for the individual to be self-reliant, he has to be educated. Education is considered to be important to mankind hence the Nigeria Government got involved in the management of education right from the time of Arthur Richard constitution of 1946. However, there is wastage as earlier mentioned in the form of not meeting its desired or anticipated result at a scale considerably lower than it has set for itself, repetition and failure at the end of a course. If this is the case, why is it that many pupils in the primary school system do not want to go to school? Why do they encourage wastage of resources on the part of the government and their parents? What are the factors responsible for this act?

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Impact of Private Sector Stimulation through Marketing Strategies (A Case Study Orange Group Limited, Owerri Imo State)

CHAPTER ONE

Introduction

Background of Study

Marketing strategy is the result of decisions being made about how a particular product or service will be promoted to its target customers. Marketing strategies are used to increase sales, launch new products and generally provide profit for a company. Strategies involve the construction and implementation of the marketing mix. Marketing practices have existed as long as commerce has, but marketing did not become a formal discipline until the 1950s. At this point, businesses began to investigate how to be better serve and satisfy their customers and deal with competition. Consequently, marketing became the process of focusing business on the customer in order to continue providing goods or services valued by consumers. Marketing includes a plethora of decisions that affect consumer interest in a company: advertising, pricing, location, product line, promotions, and so forth. The majors concerns of marketing are usually referred to as the "four Ps" or the "marketing mix": product, price, place, and promotion.

Marketing strategy is a conscious approach to achieve organizational goal and objectives. Strategy can be formulated by individuals, groups, and organizations. The organizations can be families, corporations, nations, or groups of nations. In modem times, strategy can be formulated by complicated and sophisticated programmed software operating on computerized systems, personal computers, or computer networks.

    Marketing strategy is a term generally refers to a company plan that allocates resources in ways to generate profits by positioning products or services and targeting specific consumer groups. Marketing strategy focuses on long-term company objectives and involves planning marketing programs for companies to realize its goals. Companies rely on marketing strategies for established product lines or services as well as for new products and services.

Marketing strategy has its roots in the basic concepts of marketing and strategy. Marketing strategy was probably used the first time that two humans engaged in trade, i.e., an "arm's-length" transaction. Certainly, early civilizations, such as the Babylonians, the Chinese, the Egyptians, the Greeks, the Romans, and the Venetians, had developed marketing strategies for their trading activities. They probably discussed appropriate strategies for given situations, and even taught these strategies to friends, family members, and subordinates. The actual function of marketing, i.e., the distribution function, was performed whenever exchange occurred. Business strategy is usually discussed and developed in the context of competition. It is associated with a struggle for scarce resources. The aim of the "aggressor" organization is to improve its position vis-à-vis "competitors." The competitors, i.e., "defenders," can be other organizations, suppliers, distributors, or customers. The competition is the enemy. Words such as "campaign," "attack," "battle," and "defeat" are frequently used. This, of course, is also the operating framework for individuals, families, groups, countries, and alliances when formulating political or military strategy.

           Hence, marketing involves establishing a company vision and implementing policies that will enable a company to live up to its vision or maintain its vision. Marketing strategy is the process of planning and implementing company policies towards realizing company goals in accordance with the company vision. Marketing strategies include general ones such as price reduction for market share growth, product differentiation, and market segmentation, as well as numerous specific strategies for specific areas of marketing.

Again, competition was more or less unknown in the immediate past banking era, there was little or no need for marketing strategy which include, innovation, product development, public relation, promotion, and marketing research. The banks then concentrated mainly on advertising as their only marketing strategy. The trend in the banking industry in recent times provides an interesting example of a service industry that has in the past paid very little attention to the development of strategic marketing for marketing banking services.

        However, Competition is the primary motivation for adopting a marketing strategy. In industries monopolized by one company, marketing need only be minimal to spur on increased consumption. Utilities long enjoyed monopolized markets, allowing them to rely on general mass marketing programs to maintain and increase their sales levels. But most companies face some form of competition, no matter what the industry, because of deregulation and because of the globalization of many industries. Consequently, marketing strategy has become all the more important for companies to continue being profitable.

What, then, is the key to a consistent proactive marketing strategy? First and foremost it is a philosophy that dedicates resources of the firm to ensuring that the wants, needs, and demands of the customer are the firm’s focus. This customer-focused mentality is the foundation of the strategy that makes up the entire marketing process.

Second, it is a plan, supported by the firm’s philosophy. Once the philosophy is in place, a plan can give direction, guidance, and a structure for proactive strategies that will increase sales and improve business relationships. Often firms find themselves dedicating resources to marketing activities—from trade shows to flyers—and spending money on marketing that is not targeted to the right audience at the right time. This is reactive marketing with a shotgun, rather than a rifle. Conversely, a proactive, focused marketing plan can provide guidance for targeting the right audience at the right place and at the right time, which in turn maximizes the return on investment and increases revenues. Third, marketing is a process of creating value for the customer. It is a set of activities to educate, communicate with, and motivate the targeted consumer about the firm’s services or the company’s product and services.

Traditionally, this set of activities, the “marketing mix,” is represented by four parts, the well-known “4 P’s of Marketing”: price, product, placement, and promotion. But to create a marketing strategy and plan that touch on all areas necessary to position a product in the market to maximize sales revenues, there are multiple areas to be tackled. A firm’s strategic goals are based on both internal and external knowledge, insight, and in-depth analysis. Without a strategic plan, resources are spent on events, activities, and functions that may not generate revenue. To make the most of each naira earned by the firm, all functions must work together to create a well-oiled machine. The marketing plan, which is based on a full understanding of the market, the firm, and the customer needs, dovetails directly with the strategic plan to provide a road map for the firm. This road map is the ultimate tool for guiding leaders toward making decisions that will provide sustainable growth to the company.

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SELECTIVE INVENTORY MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES AS A TOOL FOR COST REDUCTION AND PROFITABILITY (A CASE STUDY OF NIGER FLOUR MILLS, CALABAR)

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1   BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

To management, inventory is an aggregate or total number of goods; it serves the function of making a company's internal operation relatively stable, while providing service to customers. It is possible to reduce inventory by purchasing more frequently, in smaller lots. However, the processing of many small orders to the distributor's vendors and the increased receiving load would be likely to result in serious disruption of operations.

         The dictionary meaning of inventory is a “detailed list of goods, furniture etc.” Many understand the word inventory, as a stock of goods, but the generally accepted meaning of the word ‘goods’ in the accounting language, is the stock of finished goods only. In a manufacturing organization, however, in addition to the stock of finished goods, there will be stock of partly finished goods, raw materials and stores. The collective name of these entire items is ‘inventory’. Therefore, the term ‘inventory’ refers to the stockpile of production a firm is offering for sale and the components that make up the production. Inventories occupy the most strategic position in the structure of working capital of most business enterprises. It constitutes the largest component of current asset in most business enterprises. In the sphere of working capital, the efficient control of inventory has passed the most serious problem to the flour mills because about two-third of the current assets of mills are blocked in inventories. The turnover of working capital is largely governed by the turnover of inventory. It is therefore quite natural that inventory helps in maximize profit and occupies the most significant place among current assets.

There is need for installation of a proper inventory control technique in any business organization in developing country like Nigeria. According to Kotler (2000), inventory management refers to all the activities involved in developing and managing the inventory levels of raw materials, semi-finished materials (work-in- progress) and finished goods so that adequate supplies are available and the costs of over or under stocks are low. Rosenblatt (1977) says: “The cost of maintaining inventory is included in the final price paid by the consumer. Good in inventory represents a cost to their owner. The manufacturer has the expense of materials and labour. The wholesaler also has funds tied up”. Therefore, the basic goal of the researchers is to maintain a level of inventory that will provide optimum stock at lowest cost. Morris (1995) stressed that inventory management in its broadest perspective is to keep the most economical amount of one kind of asset in order to facilitate an increase in the total value of all assets of the organization – human and material resources. Keth et al. (1994) in their text also stated that the major objective of inventory management and control is to inform managers how much of a good to re-order, when to re-order the good, how frequently orders should be placed and what the appropriate safety stock is, for minimizing stock out.

Thus, the overall goal of inventory is to have what is needed, and to minimize the number of times one is out of stock.

         Drury (1996) defined inventory as a stock of goods that is maintained by a business in anticipation of some future demand. This definition was also supported by Schroeder (2000) who stressed that inventory management has an impact on all business functions, particularly operations, marketing, accounting, and finance. He established that there are three motives for holding inventories, which are:

i.    Transaction motive

ii. Precautionary motive

iii. Speculative motive

The transaction motive occurs when there is a need to hold stock to meet production and sales requirements.

A firm might also decide to hold additional amounts of stock to cover the possibility that it may have under estimated its future production and sales requirements. This represents a precautionary motive, which applies only when future demand is uncertain. The speculative motive for holding inventory might entice a firm to purchase a larger quantity of materials than normal in anticipation of making abnormal profits. Advance purchase of raw materials in inflationary times is one form of speculative behaviour.

          The British Institute of Stocks Management (1988) defined the concept as the management process, which integrates the flow of supplies into, through and out of an organization to achieve a level of service which ensures that the right materials are available at the right place, at the right time and at the right cost.

According to Alasi (1993), inventory management is “the aspect of industrial management which is concerned with all the activities involved in acquisition and use of all materials employed in production of the finished product. It is clear that planning without control is eventually hopeless and waste of time and resources. Thus planning is not enough, it must be accompanied by control. Control is the process of comparing predetermined performance with the actual performance with the aim of taking corrective measures to achieve set standards.

        Considering the trend of economic in Nigeria, where companies are being closed down as a result of high cost of importation of raw materials, devaluation of the currency, high exchange rate, inadequate stock control, etc. One is forced to ask “how do the manufacturing companies that are presently in operation being able to keep floating and maintain their stands despite the economic turbulence? The reasons are not far-fetched. The management of some critical success factors in the company operation. One of these critical success factors is the inventory control/management as its importance to all sectors of the economy. It involves the use and control of inventory. This is influenced by the ability of management to carefully and efficiently decide on when to increase or maintain stock level based on stock usage in order to achieve the targeted output.

    However, considering manufacturing companies, inventory is seen as raw material, work-in-progress and finished goods. Decision in relation to management of inventory could be seen as one of the many strategic decisions of a company because it affect the operational efficiency and to a large extent determine the future prospects of the company. Thus, a company must maintain a suitable level of inventory because its excess or shortage could be detrimental to the company. Inventory management is an important aspect of business especially in a manufacturing concern because it provides the most general case embracing production, marketing, and general administration function. Farmer (1977) defined inventory management as a concept that concerned with the management of flow of material into an organization to the point where these materials are converted or used up in the production of the company’s end product. He added further that the management aspect may require the collaborations of persons in charge of materials components, designers and purchase specifications which include the search for and location of supply logistics and transportation, goods receiving, inventory control and in some cases the internal handling and utilization of materials.

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THE EFFECT OF CHILD ABUSE ON THE ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT OF SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENT

CHAPTER ONE

1.1     BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

Child abuse survivors may demonstrate certain characteristics in adulthood that can impede their ability to function in everyday life and to maintain good, healthy relationships with others. It should be noted, however, that each child abuse survivor is an individual, and may manifest some characteristics but not others. The differences among child abuse survivors are due to a number of things, including genetics, social environment and whether or not the survivor was able to receive therapy and support in dealing with his condition. Another aspect that can have a significant impact on the characteristics of survivors is the type and severity of abuse they experienced while growing up.

        Victims of various types of abuse may demonstrate symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and may suffer from both anxiety and depression. Child abuse survivors may resort to a variety of coping mechanisms to help them manage their feelings and achieve some type of normal functioning. For example, a child abuse survivor may abuse drugs or alcohol as a way of “numbing” himself against unpleasant memories and psychic pain. He may also have difficulty maintaining close and trusting relationships with other people. In addition, mental health problems combined with impairments in socialization may make it difficult for some child abuse survivors to hold gainful employment.

       However, different types of child abuse can produce different long-lasting symptoms in survivors. In some cases, child abuse survivors still bear physical symptoms of both physical and sexual child abuse. For many survivors, this damage can contribute to emotional anguish and make it difficult for the victim to achieve closure. Sexual child abuse survivors may have difficulty establishing appropriate boundaries with others in sexual and romantic relationships. The survivor may either act out in a promiscuous manner or be overly compliant with a sexual partner regardless of the victim's own needs and desires. Alternatively, the victim may develop an abhorrence of physical contact and sexual behavior. Victims of mental child abuse may develop defense mechanisms that can significantly impede their ability to interact with others. These defense mechanisms may include becoming overly submissive or, alternatively, aggressive in their relationships. These victims may also find themselves keeping others at a distance through a lack of trust. Alternatively, these victims may also find themselves acting in a way that makes them easy targets for exploiters and abusers. As these victims may have difficulty feeling comfortable with relationships that are not abusive, they may either seek out or endure abusive relationships in adulthood. Sexual abuse is a legal concept that describes unwanted or illegal sexual contact. Depending on applicable laws, the term may be synonymous with, or separate from, sexual assault. Sexual abuse definitions may include acts that may be consensual but illegal, coerced sexual contact occurring under physical or psychological threat, or other types of unwanted contact between the abuser and victim.  If unwanted or illegal penetration occurs, the situation often falls under rape or assault laws, rather than abuse laws. Abuse codes sometimes deal only with violations that exclude actual sexual penetration, such as unwanted or illegal touches, or illegal exposure to pornography.

     Again, sexual abuse laws often deal with the illegal sexual treatment of a minor or child. Abuse may occur between an adult and child, or between two minors. Consent is typically not a factor in child sex abuse cases, as a minor typically is not granted the right of consent. Abuse laws may also protect those who are over the age of consent but judged to be mentally incompetent. Those convicted of sexual abuse crimes may be sentenced to jail time, psychological counseling, and restitution penalties. Additionally, some regions have laws governing sex offenders even after jail time is served. In some areas, a person convicted of a sexual crime such as abuse may have to register permanently as an offender. Registered offenders may be prohibited from living near schools or daycare facilities, working for school systems, and may have their address and criminal record listed in a public database.

        According to statistics, most sexual abuse crimes occur between family members or are perpetrated by an authority figure such as a teacher or babysitter. Since many victims are under psychological or physical threat, reporting and prosecution of abuse is often difficult.

      Many regions also have accessory abuse laws, meaning that any person with knowledge of abuse who does not report it may be subject to criminal charges and civil lawsuits. Sexual abuse can also occur between spouses or romantic partners, and may be considered a form of domestic abuse. For centuries, marriage or cohabitation gave a male partner total sexual rights to the female, including laws that affirmed that rape or sexual abuse could not occur between spouses. In modern times, many legal systems have amended this concept to say that unwanted sexual contact is a crime even between people who are sexually involved. Many psychologists suggest that abuse of a sexual nature can be severely traumatic to victims, often resulting in serious psychological issues that may require extensive treatment to manage or overcome. Studies suggest that many perpetrators of sexual crimes have been victims of similar crimes in childhood. The importance of careful attention to possible signs of abuse is considered by many experts to be a vital step both in stopping current abuse and preventing future violations.

According to the united Nation (UN) standard, child abuse is a condition of causing or permitting to occur, any form of offensive or harmful contact on the body of the child, such a contact incorporated any form of interaction, exchange or communication that brings shame, embarrassment, fear or disgrace to the child.

This therefore, underscores the need to treat the child with dignity and as an entity who when his feeling and emotional disposition are unaffectionate tempered with, may degenerate into crisis.

However, a child is abuse if a recent act or failure to act on the part of a exploitation or any act or failure to act which involves imminent risk of serious harm (Khatric 2004). Child abuse refers simply to the maltreatment of the child, hardly does a day pass by without a news report of a child who has been maltreated, battered, sexually harassed, neglected or abandoned by people who were suppose to look after them. Child abuse in Nigeria has a kind of institutionalized posture not until recently, when many writers, commentators and scholars have drawn the attention of the government and the general public to the incidence of child abuse. The persistence of child abuse has been attributed to some conditions that seems inevitable, and these conditions make families to fail in their duty to the child which include to ensure growth, to give right scope for emotional development and to preserve the art of parenthood as well as to teach behavior. With the alteration of society by rapid socio-economic and political changes various forms of child abuse have been identified, particularly in the rural areas such as in Biase Local Government Area, where there is increase in child labour and exploitation of children.    

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THE EFFECT OF INVENTORY VALUATION ON THE PROFITABILITY OF AN ORGANIZATION

CHAPTER ONE

1.1 Background of the study

Inventory is the total amount of goods and/or materials contained in a store or factory at any given time.  Store owners need to know the precise number of items on their shelves and storage areas in order to place orders or control losses.  Factory managers need to know how many units of their products are available for customer orders.  Restaurants need to order more food based on their current supplies and menu needs. 

       The word 'inventory' can refer to both the total amount of goods and the act of counting them.  Many companies take an inventory of their supplies on a regular basis in order to avoid running out of popular items.  Others take an inventory to insure the number of items ordered matches the actual number of items counted physically.  Shortages or overages after an inventory can indicate a problem with theft (called 'shrinkage' in retail circles) or inaccurate accounting practices.

         Companies also take an inventory every quarter in order to generate numbers for financial reports and tax records.  Ideally, most companies want to have just enough inventories to meet current orders.  Having too many products languishing in a warehouse can make a company look less appealing to investors and potential customers.  Quite often a company will offer significant discounts if the inventory numbers are high and sales are low.  This is commonly seen in new car dealerships as the manufacturers release the next year's models before the current vehicles on the lot have been sold.  Furniture companies may also offer 'inventory reduction sales' in order to clear out their showrooms for newer merchandise.

        However, an inventory valuation is a statement which provides information about the value of goods held in inventory. Goods in inventory can make up a substantial portion of a company's equity and there is therefore a great deal of interest in the total value of a company's inventory. This information is reported in financial statements which can be used internally and externally for a variety of tasks related to accounting, valuing the company as a whole, and making business decisions.

       There are a number of ways to perform an inventory valuation and different approaches to maintaining records about inventory. One method is to record sales and movement of inventory as they occur. For example, when a book sells a copy of a dictionary, it would record the fact that the inventory was short one dictionary while also noting the amount of the sale. This is called perpetual recording, because the inventory numbers are constantly being updated. One advantage to this system is that it provides real time data which can be reviewed at any time and used for everything from inventory valuation to ordering new products to replace things that are selling out. Another method is periodic. In this case, sales are recorded at the time they take place but the change to inventory is not. At the end of a set period, the inventory is manually counted and recorded. One reason why it is important to know which method of inventory valuation to use is because prices shift over time. The difference in accounting methods can change the inventory valuation, depending on which method was used.

       An inventory manager controls the goods, materials, products or parts for a company. The inventory may be for in-house use or consist of goods sold or rented to customers. The manager of inventory normally works in conjunction with other departments and is frequently in charge of one or more inventory clerk’s efficient inventory control is normally crucial to a company’s success. The inventory manager is customarily responsible for keeping track of inventory levels and ordering additional merchandise as needed to meet the needs of her company or its customers. Her assessment of current needs and ability to predict future requirements are commonly imperative to her effective control of the inventory.

         Depending on the volume of inventory and the nature of the business, an inventory manager may choose different methods to keep track of stock. Some businesses that deal in large volumes of components and parts regularly conduct cycle counts. This practice requires different parts of the inventory to be counted to make sure all parts are inventoried at least once in a specified period, normally six months or a year. Items that are more popular are counted more frequently than slower moving ones, with a handful of items being inventoried every day. In an environment where the inventory is relatively small or the demands on it vary considerably and often, the inventory manager customarily monitors it manually or through a computerized inventory tracking system. She usually has a specific inventory level for each part or product in stock at which she is alerted to reorder. A system that tracks back orders and returns is usually integrated into the mainframe of the program.

        To guarantee the largest profit margins are maintained and ensure there are no interruptions in production or sales, an inventory manager typically tracks the costs of storing slow-moving inventory. She regularly compares it to the cost of ordering goods on an as-needed basis. If the latter choice proves to be more profitable, the manager commonly adjusts her inventory ordering and storage systems to increase revenues. Success in this position normally requires excellent attention to detail and exemplary organizational skills. The ability to apply analytically skills to inventory control is generally considered an asset for an inventory manager.

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THE EFFECT OF PARENTAL LEVEL OF EDUCATION AND THE ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF STUDENTS IN SELETED SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN CALABAR UBAN

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Education can be seen as an indispensable factor of human and national development. But this education came to us as the Western education was introduced in Nigeria by the missionaries in the mid-nineteenth century. Although the first mission school was founded in 1843 by Methodists, it was the Anglican Church missionary society that pushed forward in the early 1850s to find a chain of missions and schools, followed quickly in the late 1850s by the Roman Catholics. After this era, the British politicians (Colonial masters) took over the government to Westernize Nigeria in the full western culture of Politics, science and technology, systemizing the way of schooling in primary, secondary and tertiary institutions of learning. The government was led by ‘Lord Laggard’, the then governor general during the colonial period.

Furthermore, according to the Nigeria National Policy on education (1977) the secondary education is said to be the stage of education that a child is engaged after the primary education and before the tertiary stage. The Nigerians philosophy of education advocates for the provision of equal opportunities for all children at the primary, secondary, and tertiary levels of education.

In order to implement this land able policy the Federal government had launched UPE in 1976. This made it possible so that all the children are opportune to enroll in primary and secondary levels of education without any hindrances. It has been learnt that the number of students who dropout after primary education seems to be tremendous, that is why UPE was geared towards making secondary education affordable for all children.

The parents are expected to carryout some roles in their children education. This is because their roles are very important in their children education. The roles now include paying children school fees, having or being interested in knowing how their children are being taught in school, buying their text books, note books and other writing materials. The parents should also make sure that their children are well fed since they cannot study in an empty stomach, they should at times visit the schools where their classes and other extra-curricular activities in school.

Parents are still also experiencing obstacles in the cause of performing their roles in their children education. These obstacles/hindrances could be attributed to the poor socio-economic status, educational background and parental level of income. This is because people in the society are grouped in various classes of hierarchy as we have people of higher class, middle class, lower class etc. who live according to their level of income. But people who earn lower income in the family are faced with a serious problem that they can not meet up with some educational needs of their children because of the following reasons:

1.  Low income based of the parents.

2.  Low educational background of the parent.

3.  Now lucrative occupation engaged by the parents.

Education is vital, as compelling evidence has shown that family involvement has a positive effect on learners‟ academic achievement. The family plays a major role as a socializing agent by supporting the individuals as they grow from childhood to adulthood. This role cannot be adequately replaced by any other institution. However, parents need to be informed about various and more effective ways of creating or developing learning opportunities and stimulating experiences for their children through their involvement in parenting programmes. Community involvement in school activities has a positive effect on pupil performance. Fullan (2001) stresses that parents and the wider community have largely untapped expertise essential to the partnership.

However well or badly parents do, they are the first educators. As part of community, schools need to develop an „invitational‟ attitude towards parents and to do more to help parents assist their children. Dustmann, Rajah and Soest (1998) support Fullan‟s position about the impact parental level of education and the community have on pupils‟ performance. But students are motivated to achieve not only self-motivation but also through the involvement of their peers, their parents, their teachers, and their communities.Emeka (2001) has attributed the causes of poor academic performance to a combination of personal and intuitional factors personal factors relate to the individuals. Intelligent, knowledge and ability while the institutional factors are family or parental influences, societal influence and school related factors among others.Ajila and Olutoa (2000) categories problems responsible for students’ poor performance as it include availability of suitable learning environment adequacy of educational infrastructure like textbooks, laboratory, studio etc. There is evidence that parent’s education will affect student’s academic achievement. According to Crasser (2003) parents level of education is one of the most important factor affecting students academic achievement,Taiwo (2000) submits that a child that comes from an educated home would like to follow the steps of his/her family and work  actively to his study, Iheke (1999)  concludes that a child from a well educated family with high socio-economic statues is more likely to perform better than a child from above average as compare to average income family with well educated parents who participate in the  schools education process and encourage their children to learns,they established that their socio-economic statues of students affected their achievement.

However, parents’ place priority to basic necessity likes housing, clothing, health care, educational toys and games, this point was supported by bookcock (2002) and Iheke (2002) on the relationship between school performance and parental socio economic condition.

Again, Academic achievement have always been the centre of educational research and despite varied statements about the aims of education, the academic development of the child continue to be the primary and most important goal of education. It acts as an emotional tonic. It advisable to laid good foundation in a child early years of life because sound academic records are the pillars on which the entire future personality stands. In a study considering the factors of school achievement, one possibly ignores those aspects in which individuals differ from one another. The starting point may be academic achievement itself where wide ranging variations occur from the point of outstanding achievement. If we consider a group of students a few students are found to be high achievers on the other hand a few are low achievers while a sizable number of students always appear as moderate achievers. The question arises why such a difference in achievement appears. These questions often appear in the minds of educators, educationists, and the psychologists, but with hardly satisfactory answers.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

In many parts of the world educationists, sociologists, and schools can influence educational attainment. Early researchers on the subject focus primarily on what we called “Intellectual and ability factors. Recently, there have been emphases in the conceptualization on the problem due to the gradual recognition that some students perform worse than expected in ability tests. The search for causes of the variations in academic performances led to the first consideration of “Non-intellectual” characteristics.

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