THE IMPACT OF MICRO FINANCE BANK IN NIGERIA IN THE PROVIVISION OF SHORT-TERM LOANS TO SMALL SCALE ENTERPRISES

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Entrepreneurship is the foundation for small scale enterprises.  Small scale enterprises are the key for economic growth and development. They constitute the bedrock of many economies by providing the impetus for employment creation and value added activities.

In Nigeria, small scale enterprises play crucial roles in economic growth and development process. For instance, they are responsible for the establishment of a robust industrial sector by stimulating indigenous entrepreneurship and technology. They represent an essential link between primary production and large scale industrialization. Besides, they have enormous opportunities for growth due to their nature. But the worst hit is that most of them exist in rural areas. As such, they face a myraid of problems that limit their positive contribution to the economy, Summarily as Financial constraint, Poor infrastructure, poor management etc. But their major challenge is financial constraint.

To solve their problem of financial constraint, government over the years has put in place a number of economic schemes, programmes and policies. One of them is the rural banking programme (RBP) which was introduced   in 1977. Under the progamme, banks were mandated to open a number of rural branches and bring banking services nearer to the rural dwellers. It was hoped that banking habits would be imbibed by the people and savings would also be mobilized. But this scheme was not successful because, it turned out to be costly and unprofitable for commercial banks.

Apart from the rural banking progamme , some development finance institutions were established by government to support and promote SSEs such as Nigeria Agricultural and Cooperative Bank(NACB), the People’s Bank of Nigeria, the  Community Banks, Bank of industry (BOI), the Nigeria Export Import Bank (NEXIM) and the Nigeria Agricultural Cooperative and  Rural Development Bank(NACRDB). In addition to these includes: The Agricultural Credit Guarantee Scheme (ACGS), Agricultural Credit Support Scheme (ACSS) and Small and Medium Enterprises Equity  Investment Scheme (SMEEIS). Also some specialized poverty alleviation agencies were equally set up by government to ameliorate the problem and promote SSEs, such as  the Small and Medium Enterprises Development Agency of Nigeria (SMEDAN), National Directorate of Employment (NDE) and National Poverty Eradicate Programme  (NAPEP). All these institutions did not meet the expectations owing to lack of adequate government commitment and poor management.

Consequently, in December 2005, the microfinance policy, regulatory and supervisory framework for Nigeria was launched. The aim was to provide an appropriate menu of financial services by diverse institutions to meet the need of the poor and low income groups. The policy provides for participation of the deposit money banks, non-governmental organizations, newly licensed microfinance banks in microfinance provision.

Despite these attempts, the small scale entrepreneurs are yet to achieve their optimal potential in the economic equation of the nation. However, the trust of this study is to examine the impact of MFBs in provision of short -term loans to SSBs. Besides, the rate at which MFBs finance  SSBs, the types of credit facilities available to SSBs, the maturity structure of such credit facilities, the repayment schedule of such  credit  facilities, the collateral policies of such credit facilities and the general efficiency level of MFBS in financing SSBs, using Chidera MFB as a case study.   

1.1   BACK GROUND OF THE STUDY

In economics, it is usually said that our wants are unlimited but the resources to satisfy them are limited. Even in business, expectations are often high but finance is always scarce or limited to meet them. This shows that paucity of fund is a hard-nut-to crack for every organisation be it profit or non-profit making organisation.

Nigeria’s future rests on its ability to train and fund local entrepreneurs that can nature home-grown firms and encourage innovation, risk taking and local investment. But the under development nature of  the SSE sector of the Nigerian economy needs urgent step to put it in good order with  the micro finance funding of the SSEs, just as instructed by the CBN. However, one question which still yearns for an answer is how the microfinance banks are performing this duty of financing the SSBs in Nigeria. Hopefully, this will be established and proved beyond every reasonable doubt with clear facts and figures as we progress in this work.

NOT COMPLETE. PLEASE PAY FOR THE COMPLETE VERSION

THE COMPLETE VERSION OF THIS PROJECT IS  CHAPTER 1-5
NO. OF PAGES: 100 PAGES
AMOUNT:#4,000 ONLY

PAYMENT PROCEDURE;

BANK: FIRST BANK

ACCOUNT NAME: EGBE JOHN EDOGI

ACCOUNT NO: 3034851408

GTBANK

ACCOUNT NAME: EGBE JOHN EDOGI

ACCOUNT NO: 0122005571

PLEASE AFTER PAYMENT SEND THE TELLER NUMBER AND YOUR

NAME THE WAY IT APPEAR IN THE TELLER TO ANY OF THE

FOLLOWING PHONE NUMBER:

08037940241

08183133884

IMPACT OF ELECTRONIC BANKING AND ITS ROLE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE NIGERIA BANKING SYSTEM

ABSTRACT

This study reviewed the concept of electronic banking (e­-banking), examined its prospects for Nigerian banks and discussed associated risks. The study also went further to state the guidelines for e-banking as provided by the Central Bank of Nigeria, it made known its legal and regulatory measures and lastly discussed about electronic payment in Nigeria. It’s discovered that the increased application of e-banking worldwide is a function of improvement in information and communication technology (ICT). E-banking, it also observed, holds enormous potentials for the banking industry in Nigeria. To achieve these potentials, the paper advocated endangering confidence in the e-banking mechanism by addressing security concern and providing necessary infrastructure like steady electric power supply.

Despite the fact that these problem of inadequate security and inadequate power supply persist, the adoption of e-banking has improved customer services, facilitated accurate records, provides for home and office banking services, ensure convenient business hour, prompt and fair attention, and enhances faster services, From the perspective of banks, ICT improves the banks image and leads to a wider, faster and more efficient market. 

The questionnaire method was used in gathering the primary data, the respondents here were bank customers while secondary data was sourced from; the internet, journals and library. The hypotheses were tested using Chi-square. Based on the study conducted, findings were made of which recommendations and conclusions were also given.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1   BACKGROUUD OF THE STUDY

Nigeria’s first bank, the African banking corporation was established in 1892. Banking legislation did not exist then, until 1952 when conventional banking system started with the industry witnessing a lot of regulatory and institutional advances. The industry was being controlled by at most five out of the 89 banks in existence. Before the commencement of the ongoing banking industry reformation in the country multiple branch system was one of the notable futures of Nigerian banks, with a total of 8% of  banks accounting  for about 3017 bank branches nationwide as  at 2004 (Ezeoha, 2005). The industry  was   also faced with heavy challenges, including  the over bearing impact of fraud  and corruption, erosion in public confidence a poor capital bases, persistent cases of  distress and failure, poor asset quality and  so on .part of the moves to resolve these  ongoing problem include  the banking reform initiated by the central bank of Nigeria in June, 2006, which is largely targeted  at reducing the number of banks in the country and making the emerging banks much stronger and reliable (Ezeoha, 2005).

The ability of Nigerian banks to satisfy and retain their customers in the present post-consolidation era will no doubt depend largely on the development of their information technology (IT) infrastructure. In the bid to catch up with global developments and improve the quality of their service delivery, Nigerian banks have invested much on technology and have widely adopted electronic and telecommunication  networks for delivering a wide range of value-added products and services.

Revolution started in Nigeria banking system in 2003, with the introduction of guideline for electronic banking by the central bank of Nigeria. This was accompanied by bank reformation exercise in June 2004. The reformation exercise left Nigeria with (25) strong and reliable banks against 89 banks previously in existence. The surviving banks of the recapitalization exercise have enormously engaged the use of ICT as a platform for effective and efficient delivery of banking service (AYO et al, 2007). The banks huge investment in telecommunication network and various e-banking services delivery could be seen as an effort towards measuring up with global standard. This is among other reason such as increased customers demand, increased competition among banks themselves; derive minimized cost, new entrants, and better service delivery (Munirdden, 2007).

Banking has in the last few years, transformed from manual to automated systems. The numerous advances in internet technology have made considerable impact in business environment and have in particular brought about a shift in banking operations. This has necessitated the adoption of internet banking by banks with the application of the internet to banking, banks are able to work effectively and make high profits. The chief driving forces of internet banking among customers include better access to the services, better prices and higher privacy. Through internet banking customers can transact banking operations at the comfort of their homes and office. Ovia (2003) posited that the type of e-commerce, e-banking and e-every thing is gradually being embraced by Nigerian financial institutions that are poised to be in the vanguard of narrowing the digital divide.

In its survey on the extent of e-banking adoption by Nigerian banks, the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN), in September 2002, found out that out of the 89 licensed banks in Nigeria, only 17 were offering, internet banking, 24 were offering basic telephone, 7 had ATM (Automated teller machine) services while 13 of the banks were offering other forms of e-banking. This implies that as of then, 19.1percent of the banks were offering internet banking, signifying that internet banking was yet to takes central stage despite its widely acclaimed benefits against the traditional branch banking practice (Ezeoha, 2005). Part of the reasons identified by Ezeoha (2005) why internet banking was having a moderate economic impact in the country includes a lack of adequate operational infrastructure like proper telecommunications and power. In addition cyber- criminals have made the window unattractive.

This study examines the concept of e-banking, the current level of e- banking in Nigeria and how it has developed Nigeria banks. It identifies the major inhibiting factors to e-banking in Nigeria and makes recommendations on how Nigeria can narrow the digital divide.

1.2    Statement of the problem

In Nigeria, customers of banks today are no longer interested about safety of funds and increase returns on their investment only. Customer s demand efficient, fast and convenient services.

Customers want a bank that will offer them services that will meet their particular needs (personalized banking) and support their business goals for instance; business men want to travel without carrying cash for security reasons. They want to be able to check their balance online, find out if a cheque is cleared, transfer funds among accounts and even want to download transaction records into their own computer at work or home. Customers want a preferential treatment and full attention by their choice bank. All these are only achievable through electronic banking. Despite the usefulness of electronic banking there are inhibiting factors so therefore, how effective and efficient electronic banking is despite its attendant problem is to be addressed.

THE COMPLETE PROJECT IS CHAPTER 1-5 #4,000 ONLY

PAYMENT PROCEDURE;

BANK: FIRST BANK

ACCOUNT NAME: EGBE JOHN EDOGI

ACCOUNT NO: 3034851408

GTBANK

ACCOUNT NAME: EGBE JOHN EDOGI

ACCOUNT NO: 0122005571

PLEASE AFTER PAYMENT SEND THE TELLER NUMBER

AND YOUR NAME THE WAY IT APPEAR IN THE TELLER

TO ANY OF THE FOLLOWING PHONE NUMBER:

08037940241

08183133884

YOU WILL RECEIVE YOUR MATERIAL IN YOUR EMAIL

BOX WITHIN 24 HOURS AFTER PAYMENT. THANKS

FOR DOING BUSINESS WITH US.

COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION

“THE LEVEL OF COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION IN THE CONSERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES IN AKAMPKA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, CROSS RIVER STATE”

                            

                               CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1   Background of the Study

Conservation practices all over the world are changing from the traditional management approach with emphasis on managing natural resources in a way that ensures greater flow to all stakeholders especially local communities. The shift in emphasis is informed by the fact that the local communities are inextricably tied to their cultural resources based whether used as a source of food, medicine, fuel or for maintaining ecological balance (Bisong, 2001) Thus, Sustainable management of natural resources requires a more comprehensive approach which include strengthening the organization and technical capabilities of rural communities, as well as engendering support for sustainable resources use from larger community group (Food and Agricultural Organization, 2005).

The rapid loss of natural resources in developing countries has become a subject of increasing international and National Concern. This is reflected in the substantial increase in the interest accorded to environmental conservation by various governments, donors and conservation agencies. The level of interest in conservation as an environmental and   development problem requires practical action (Flint, 1990). the justification for community participation in natural resources conservation as viewed by International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) 1990 provides that human culture must be based on a respect for nature and that the present generation have a social responsibility to conserved Nature for the welfare of future generation. The view recognizes that mankind is part of nature and that all species have an inherent right to exist regardless of their materials value to humans.

In recent times, the development communities in African have moved from “top-down” approach towards more participatory “bottom up” approaches. The shift in paradigm has occurred in recognition of the fact that local cooperation, participation and management are crucial to achieving both short term development result and long-term sustainability. Along the same lines, the conservation community is beginning to appreciate the necessity of incorporating local participating in environmental conservation Efforts. (Bamberger 1986).

The development, community participation may be viewed as a process that serves as instrument of empowerment, building beneficiary capacity, increase effectiveness desire to share cost, improve efficiency in relation to project (Paul, 1987).

To maximize the chances of sustainable conservation initiatives, rural communities need to be involved in both the concept and approach. This means that participation in decision-making process and in the evaluation, monitoring and management of resources and the environment is crucial.

This inclusiveness is more likely to build a conservation ethics where people understand that their livehood depends on healthy maintenance of the environment.

Many studies have shown community participation to be one of the critical empowerment of success is irrigation, livestock, water, forestry and agriculture projects (Sharp, 1984) community participation has become therefore very important to scholars, organizations and Nations. For instance, Ajake (1998) remarked that participation has been used to justify the extension of state forest control as well as the building of local capacity and self-reliance. It has been used to justify decision imposed by external agencies as well as describe the process of developing real power and decision making.

Experience has shown that participation grows more out of practical than normative considerations. One of the most expensive forestry programmes with community participation is that operated by village forestry associations in South Korea (AHN 1978; Eckholm, 1979) and the afforestation sub-project in Nepal (World Bank, 1975). Other experiences include community conservation in Tsavo West National park, Kenya where the local communities are involved and have benefited from conservation of protected areas. A reforestation project in Senegal gained impressive results as Senegal forest service works in rural community and councils providing them with inputs, while the village councils contribute labour to plant trees. Income generated from the sale of wood was used by the council according to its own priorities (Uphoft, 1986).

The need for communities to invest in natural resources conservation and to reduce the effect of environmental degradation is indisputable in Nigeria and particularly in Akamkpa Local Government Area of Cross River State. The people in the study area are highly dependent on forest ecosystem for its diverse and abundant Natural wildlife, land, food and water resources. The importance of these resources has caused indigenous people to diverse way of managing them sustainably. But evidence has shown that the activities of the rural people are not given consideration. In research and government policies and decisions on the management of Natural resources neglects their activities in the study area. 

 

 

NOT COMPLETE. PLEASE PAY FOR THE COMPLETE VERSION

THE COMPLETE PROJECT IS #3,000 ONLY

 

PAYMENT PROCEDURE;

BANK: FIRST BANK

ACCOUNT NAME: EGBE JOHN EDOGI

ACCOUNT NO: 3034851408

 

GTBANK

ACCOUNT NAME: EGBE JOHN EDOGI

ACCOUNT NO: 0122005571

 

PLEASE AFTER PAYMENT SEND THE TELLER NUMBER AND YOUR NAME THE WAY IT APPEAR IN THE TELLER TO ANY OF THE FOLLOWING PHONE NUMBER:

08037940241

08183133884

 

 

 

AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE EFFECTS OF INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS AND INSTRUCTIONAL METHODS OF TEACHING SOCIAL STUDIES ON THE ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF STUDENTS IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN OBUDU LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, CROSS RIVER STATE.

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION

1.1   BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

Teaching is a process of assisting a learner to acquire    knowledge and skills or experiences that could foster effectiveness in the later age. Thus, once a child learns what he has been taught teaching is said to have taken place. During the teaching/learning process, the teacher has to adopt a particular method or methods to impact knowledge to the learners coupled with useful materials that could help a learner to learn. The careful selection and orderly arrangement of the various elements of the curriculum materials and the various ways or the general pattern of approach in which they are introduced to the learner constitutes the instructional process.

The idea of adopting and using materials and equipments to enhance effectiveness in the instructional process is as old as mankind. The wise teacher will always use equipments or aids in form of instructional materials to help the learners understand and learn better. This, he does alongside an appropriate method of instruction. Udeh (1994) as cited in Olumba (2007), emphasized that, the Greek mathematics had diagrams drawn on sand and Jesus Christ who was one of the greatest teacher made continued use of materials and illustrations during the course of his teachings. He added that, his special reference was to what they could see, touch, manipulated etc to drive home his message.

Ukwueze (2003) cited that, the use of instructional materials and methods is still being practical in our traditional society. This, he cited that traditional mothers not only teach their daughters the methods of cooking food but also the ingredients (materials to be used in cooking activity and teaching an enterprising venture, Awonji (1998) affirms that, the use of instructional materials and good strategies in teaching and learning environment is very important as they make lesson experiences more concrete and realistic in learners. He added that, if instructional materials and effective methods were used in our traditional society to aid teaching and learning especially social studies, then one can deduced that our present form and provisions of education which instructional materials are almost an abstract subject.

Most often teaching especially in social studies is done with inadequate instructional materials which will result in learners not understanding the lessons taught and if the lesson is not understood, it leads to a qualitative failure in examination. From the above, one can gather that, the use of instructional materials coupled with adequate and effective methods in the teaching of social studies in the learning situation is very crucial.

Ike (2002) referred that, instructional materials are device which present a complete body of information and are largely self supporting rather than supplementary in teaching or learning process. They are information carrying technologies that are used for instructional purpose with the hope of delivering educational information very quickly and very vividly too. These instructional materials / media. This implies that, makers of instructional materials should make sure. That they are prepared in a way that they will be real and meaningful to learners. It is also important to note that though instructional materials can be good and self supporting, it still requires skilled and knowledge teachers to use them to make teaching / learning more effective to the learners and creates clearer conditions for conceptual thinking among learners.

Ikwuzom (2001) opined that instructional materials and methods enables the teacher to widen the experiences of his students. This is done by exposing the students into a variety of experiences that would enable them see things that exist outside their immediate environment. With the use of films for instance, students see far communities and settlements and how people lie there. Thus, when students see things they could not have seen without instructional materials, their experiences will be broaden and depend.

Social studies on its own is very rich in instructional materials and methods for its effectiveness. This is true because the whole environment of man with all the things in it constitute the laboratory for social studies. The dynamic nature of social studies education makes it paramount for the teachers of social studies to use instructional materials to enable the students quickly relate their classroom to the environment they live in and interact.

THE COMPLETE PROJECT IS (91 PAGES) 
CHAPTER 1-5 #4,000 ONLY INCLUDING QUESTIONNAIRE

PAYMENT PROCEDURE;

BANK: FIRST BANK

ACCOUNT NAME: EGBE JOHN EDOGI

ACCOUNT NO: 3034851408

GTBANK

ACCOUNT NAME: EGBE JOHN EDOGI

ACCOUNT NO: 0122005571

PLEASE AFTER PAYMENT SEND THE TELLER NUMBER

AND YOUR NAME THE WAY IT APPEAR IN THE TELLER

TO ANY OF THE FOLLOWING PHONE NUMBER:

08037940241

08183133884

YOU WILL RECEIVE YOUR MATERIAL IN YOUR EMAIL

BOX WITHIN 24 HOURS AFTER PAYMENT. THANKS

FOR DOING BUSINESS WITH US.

POVERTY AND CRIME

POVERTY AND CRIME RATE IN NIGERIA,

(2008-2010): A CASE STUDY OF CALABAR SOUTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, CROSS RIVER STATE, NIGERIA”

 

 

 CHAPTER ONE

1.1   INTRODUCTION/BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

        The effects of Poverty on Nigerians are multidimensional. This is to say its has negative influences amongst others on the socio-cultural, economic, political, moral, health, security and educational lives of the people using the multidimensional schematic framework of underdevelopment, the effects of desolate poverty manifest in, low per capita income, low consumption level, poor health services, high death rate, high birth limited freedom to choose between variables that satisfy human wants, poor educational and other social services with its attendant consequences of lack of shelter, homelessness, hunger, both the body and the mind, malnutrition, target for diseases and sickness, short life expectancy, mental retardation, and political alienation, to mention but a few. This situation which is a self-reinforcing phenomenon tends to perpetuate undesirable consequences which leads to other social vices.

        As noted by Adams (2004: 54), poverty has several consequences. One of such consequences is that poverty creates social vices such as armed robbery, stealing, prostitution, drug peddling etc. This is because every human being wants to get the best out of life,  and when  such basic necessities of life are hard to come by, the natural tendency is to engage in illicit activities in other to make ends meet. Cases of prostitution armed robbery, stealing and drug use that abound in Nigeria today arise from the biting ‘Pangs’ of Poverty, among the populace particularly in the rural areas.

        In his final analysis, Adams has remarked that, poverty induces corruption in the sense that people who indulge in corrupt practices, at both the private and official levels, do so to shield themselves from poverty. Political and bureaucratic corruption thrive in our society today because of the need to secure one’s life and that of one’s immediate and, in some cases, extended family, against poverty.

        Supporting the above view, Huntington (1968:59), has contended that in modernizing states such as Nigeria, poverty interfaces with corruption, and corruption subsist because of weak political institutionalization. As a modernizing state, Nigeria, with weak political institutions, lack the capacity to curb the excesses of personal and parochial interest exhibited by public office-holders. Public-office-holders therefore cash-in on these weaknesses and loot as much as they can from the national tilts. Such stolen public funds are stached away in foreign vaults, far way from the Nigeria economy.

        With Calabar South Local Government Area as our study area, this work will be interested in investigating the impact of poverty on the level of crime rate in the area.

 

1.2   STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

        Though successive governments have tried to address the issue of poverty, the effect of the strategies and programmes has been that of mixed feelings.

        Every government embarks on one form of poverty reduction strategy or the other. However, what has not been answered is the extent to which these programme have impacted on the poor people that is the target population. Still, it seems that the efforts of various government are ineffective and therefore not much has been done to actualized the benefits.

        Also, the most disturbing is the fact that despite the amount of resources committed to those program the poverty situation still get worst, and more and more people region instead of escaping.

        The inability of government efforts to reduce the level of poverty in the society has led to some undesired consequences, and one of such is the increase in crime rate in the society. It is common knowledge that poverty and crime go, hand-in-hand. Crime prevents so many things from thriving by increasing instability and uncertainty (at micro and macro economic levels) in the market, be it national, regional, municipal or even neighborhood.

        The vicious cycle of poverty and crime on the other hand has the capacity to take an economy into a vicious cycle that causes unemployment and low growth which indicates that economic cycles may affect change in poverty and violent crimes. But most important of all, the characteristic of poverty and crime is that they are both geographically concentrated in the same areas, that is where one find poverty is also where crime exist. And this reveals the strong connections between the two issues. This study attempts to examine the following problems:

ADULT PARTICIPATION IN COOPERATIVE

 

PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH THE USE OF MEDIA IN ENCOURAGE ADULT PARTICIPATION IN COOPERATIVE SOCIETIES

                             

                               CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.0     BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Cooperative society is a group of people who have bunched themselves together to carry on a business enterprise for the benefit of all of the members, which acting as an individual could not do or could do well. Cooperative then is the organization of a group of people who have provided their own self help user group enterprise. It is an association of persons, usually of limited means, who have voluntarily joined together to achieved a common economic end through the formation of a democratically controlled business organization making equitable contribution to the capital required and accepting a fair share of the risks and benefits of the undertaking. Cooperative society objectives are to foster economic development, provide social justice and strengthening political democracy (Ebonyi and Jimo 2002).

So many claims and counter claims have been made by researchers, concerning the historical development of cooperative such as Benjamin Franklins: Mutual Fire Insurance company in Philadelphia in 1752, International Cooperative society founded in Lennoxton in Scotland in 1812, Robert Owen era, Dr. William King (1825-1830) and Rochdale Equitable pioneers (Ntia 1999).

Cooperative societies as we know today, are based on a set of principles. These principles have been used as the distinguishing characteristics of the cooperative organization the world over. They included open membership, democratic control, promotion of members education, political and religious neutrality limited interest on capital and service at cost.

The aims of cooperative organizations are to establish credit agencies thereby permitting greater productive investments of accumulated capital funds, impart business management into other areas both horizontally and vertically, to accumulate capital in various ways including the pulling of members investments to assists in the development of other cooperative institution necessary for the establishment of general economic and social development. It is critical that the attainment of these objectives transcends the singular activities of the cooperative organization members and necessarily entails the activities of others bodies outside the organization.

There are various types of cooperative societies in Nigeria. Important among these are the farmers or Agricultural cooperatives which consist of produce marketing, credit and thrift, group farming and fish farming societies, (b) cooperative building societies (c) crafts and Artisan Artisan societies (d) consumer cooperative like the cooperatives Banks and Printing press.

Government initiative or participation is usually needed to establish cooperative organization in Nigeria. Such participation may be in the form of providing training schools, research, regulations grants and preferential treatments in procurement direct organization.

Adult participation is the engagement in activities with others. Being a member and taking part in a group activities is group or social participation. Participation in most formal associations has been measured in terms of holding of membership regular attendance at meetings, holding workshops, symposium debate, Discussions listening to Radio, watching television, Demonstration visit and excursions, using posters and pamphlets, leaflets Articles in news papers and periodicals serving in committies going out to actually work for the association. Thus participation is often thought of in terms of opportunity for social interaction in formal groups as well as identification with the groups  ideal and objectives (Ekong, 2003).

The media is all formal channels of mass communication. It is an indispensable institution in every society. Given its basic function of information disseminating, the media becomes a crucial element of the social system. It ensures general diffusion of knowledge about life, thus influencing many aspect of the social cultural, political and economic pattern of the society. But when the media is not used in any organization, it brings problem for people to participate very well in any organization. The thrust of this study therefore, is to examine the problems associated with use of media in encouraging societies.